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Glossary Learning English

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Glossary Learning English




A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

A

  1. Ablation: Surface loss of ice or snow through melting, sublimation, or wind erosion.
  2. Abyssal Plain: Vast, flat floor of the deep ocean basin.
  3. Accretionary Wedge: Sedimentary mass scraped from a subducting plate at a convergent margin.
  4. Active Margin: Tectonically active continental edge where earthquakes and volcanism are common.
  5. Aeolian Process: Landform change driven by wind-transported sediment.
  6. Albedo: Fraction of solar radiation reflected by a surface.
  7. Alluvial Fan: Fan-shaped deposit formed where a high-gradient stream loses energy.
  8. Alpine Glacier: River of ice constrained to mountain valleys.
  9. Altiplano: High plateau region, notably in the central Andes.
  10. Anabranch: Secondary channel that rejoins the main river downstream.
  11. Anticline: Up-arching fold with oldest strata at its core.
  12. Aquiclude: Geologic layer that blocks groundwater flow.
  13. Aquifer: Geologic unit able to store and transmit groundwater.
  14. Archipelago: Chain or cluster of islands.
  15. Arid Region: Zone receiving less than 250 mm annual precipitation.
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

B

  1. Back-Arc Basin: Seafloor depression behind a volcanic island arc.
  2. Bajada: Coalesced alluvial fans along a mountain front.
  3. Bar: Ridge of sand or gravel deposited in a stream or along a coast.
  4. Barchan Dune: Crescent-shaped dune with horns pointing downwind.
  5. Basalt: Fine-grained mafic volcanic rock.
  6. Batholith: Massive intrusive igneous body exposed over >100 km².
  7. Baymouth Bar: Sand spit that seals a bay from the open sea.
  8. Beaufort Scale: Empirical measure of wind speed based on sea-state.
  9. Benioff Zone: Dipping plane of seismicity along a subducting slab.
  10. Biogeography: Study of species distribution over space and time.
  11. Biome: Major ecological community type such as tundra or rainforest.
  12. Biosphere: Global sum of all ecosystems and living organisms.
  13. Blizzard: Severe snowstorm with sustained winds ≥56 km h⁻¹.
  14. Bog: Acidic, waterlogged peatland dominated by sphagnum moss.
  15. Braided River: Network of multiple shifting channels separated by bars.
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

C

  1. Caldera: Large depression formed after volcanic roof collapse.
  2. Capillary Fringe: Saturated zone just above the water table.
  3. Carbonatite: Rare igneous rock composed largely of carbonate minerals.
  4. Catena: Sequence of soils down a slope linked by drainage.
  5. Catastrophism: Theory that Earth’s surface was shaped by sudden, short-lived events.
  6. Cave: Natural subterranean cavity large enough for human entry.
  7. Cenozoic Era: Geological time unit spanning the last 66 million years.
  8. Chinook Wind: Warm, dry downslope wind on the leeward side of mountains.
  9. Cirque: Amphitheater-shaped hollow at a glacier’s head.
  10. Clastic Rock: Sedimentary rock composed of fragments of pre-existing rocks.
  11. Cloud Forest: Tropical montane forest with persistent or frequent cloud cover.
  12. Coastal Plain: Low-lying flatland adjacent to a seacoast.
  13. Cone of Depression: Conical lowering of water table around a pumped well.
  14. Continental Drift: Historical concept of lateral movement of continents over geologic time.
  15. Cryosphere: Portions of Earth where water is frozen year-round.
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

D

  1. D delta: Mouth deposit of a river entering a standing body of water.
  2. Dark Sky Reserve: Protected area with minimal light pollution for astronomy.
  3. Deflation: Removal of loose particles by wind.
  4. Deglaciation: Glacial ice retreat and melting phase.
  5. Denudation: Collective processes that wear away Earth’s surface.
  6. Dendritic Drainage: River pattern resembling tree branches.
  7. Desert Pavement: Surface covered by closely packed gravel after fine particles blow away.
  8. Detrital Mineral: Mineral grain derived from the erosion of pre-existing rocks.
  9. Diapir: Mobile mass piercing overlying strata, often salt or magma.
  10. Diastrophism: Deformation of Earth’s crust by tectonic forces.
  11. Dike: Tabular igneous intrusion cutting across bedding.
  12. Doline: Closed depression in karst terrain formed by solution or collapse.
  13. Drainage Divide: Topographic ridge separating adjacent drainage basins.
  14. Drumlin: Streamlined hill of glacial till indicating ice-flow direction.
  15. Dust Storm: Dense, turbulent cloud of wind-lifted soil particles.
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

E

  1. Earthflow: Slow, viscous downslope movement of saturated soil.
  2. Ebb Tide: Period when tidal water level falls.
  3. Ecoregion: Large area of distinct environmental conditions and communities.
  4. Eddy: Circular current moving contrary to the main flow.
  5. Eolianite: Rock formed from lithified wind-blown sand.
  6. El Niño: Periodic warming of eastern Pacific influencing global climate.
  7. End Moraine: Ridge of till marking glacier’s furthest advance.
  8. Endorheic Basin: Drainage basin with no outlet to the ocean.
  9. Ephemeral Stream: Channel flowing only after precipitation events.
  10. Epicenter: Point on Earth’s surface directly above an earthquake focus.
  11. Epishelf Lake: Saline-freshwater interface lake trapped behind sea ice.
  12. Erosion: Transport of weathered material by water, wind, ice, or gravity.
  13. Estuary: Semi-enclosed coastal body where freshwater mixes with seawater.
  14. Eustasy: Global sea-level change due to water-mass variations.
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

F

  1. Fault Scarp: Steep slope formed by vertical movement on a fault.
  2. Fetch: Uninterrupted distance over water that wind blows generating waves.
  3. Firn: Granular snow that survives a melt season and densifies into ice.
  4. Fjord: Deep, glacially carved valley flooded by the sea.
  5. Floodplain: Flat land adjacent to a river subject to periodic inundation.
  6. Fluvial Terrace: Relict alluvial surface above current river level.
  7. Föhn Wind: Warm, dry downslope wind in the Alps.
  8. Fold Belt: Region extensively deformed by compressional tectonics.
  9. Footwall: Rock mass below a dipping fault plane.
  10. Forearc Basin: Depression between a volcanic arc and an accretionary wedge.
  11. Fossil Water: Ancient groundwater sealed in an aquifer for millennia.
  12. Freeze-Thaw Weathering: Rock disintegration from water expansion on freezing.
  13. Fringing Reef: Coral reef directly attached to a shoreline.
  14. Fumarole: Vent emitting steam and volcanic gases.
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

G

  1. Gabion: Cage filled with rocks for erosion control.
  2. Gale: Wind of Beaufort force 8-9 (62–88 km h⁻¹).
  3. Geoid: Hypothetical sea-level surface extended under the continents.
  4. Geothermal Gradient: Rate of temperature increase with depth inside Earth.
  5. Geyser: Intermittent hot-water fountain expelled by geothermal heat.
  6. Glacial Isostasy: Crustal rebound after ice-sheet unloading.
  7. Glaciofluvial: Pertaining to meltwater streams emanating from glaciers.
  8. Gneiss: Banded, high-grade metamorphic rock.
  9. Grabben: Down-dropped crustal block bounded by normal faults.
  10. Granite: Coarse-grained felsic intrusive igneous rock.
  11. Grassland: Biome dominated by herbaceous vegetation with scarce trees.
  12. Green Belt: Zone of protected open land around a city.
  13. Groin: Shore-perpendicular structure trapping littoral drift.
  14. Guyot: Flat-topped seamount eroded near sea level then subsided.
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

H

  1. Habitat Fragmentation: Breakdown of continuous habitat into smaller, isolated patches.
  2. Hadley Cell: Tropical atmospheric circulation cell rising near the equator and descending at ~30° latitude.
  3. Hanging Valley: Tributary glacial valley perched above the main valley floor.
  4. Headland: Coastal promontory of resistant rock jutting into the sea.
  5. Heat Island: Urban area significantly warmer than surrounding countryside.
  6. Heliotrope Wind: Local airflow generated by daytime heating of mountain slopes.
  7. Horst: Uplifted crustal block between parallel normal faults.
  8. Hue Saturation: Chromatic property influencing color intensity in remote-sensing imagery.
  9. Humus: Stable organic matter component of soil.
  10. Hydraulic Action: Erosive power of flowing water on channel banks.
  11. Hydrograph: Plot of river discharge versus time during a runoff event.
  12. Hydrosphere: All water on, under, and above Earth’s surface.
  13. Hypolimnion: Cold, dense bottom layer of stratified lake water.
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

I

  1. Iceberg: Floating mass of glacier-derived ice in the ocean.
  2. Ice Jam: Accumulation of fragmented river ice obstructing flow.
  3. Igneous Rock: Rock crystallized from molten magma or lava.
  4. Illuviation: Deposition of leached material in lower soil horizons.
  5. Infiltration Capacity: Maximum rate at which soil can absorb rainfall.
  6. Interfluve: Ridge or high ground separating two valleys.
  7. Interglacial: Warm interval between glacial periods within an ice age.
  8. Intermontane Basin: Lowland ringed by mountain ranges.
  9. Intertidal Zone: Coastal area alternately exposed and submerged by tides.
  10. Inversion Layer: Atmospheric layer where temperature increases with height.
  11. Isentrope: Line of constant potential temperature on a weather chart.
  12. Isohyet: Line connecting points of equal rainfall.
  13. Isostasy: Equilibrium of Earth’s lithosphere floating on the asthenosphere.
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

J

  1. Jet Stream: Narrow band of strong upper-tropospheric winds.
  2. Joint: Fracture in rock with no appreciable movement.
  3. Juvenile Water: Magma-derived water newly entering the hydrosphere.
  4. Jökulhlaup: Sudden glacial outburst flood.
  5. Jurassic Period: Geological time unit 201–145 million years ago.
  6. Just-In-Time Migration: Animal movement matching resource peaks along a route.
  7. K-J Transition: Boundary between Cretaceous and Paleogene marking mass extinction.
  8. Jungle Liana: Woody climber typical of humid tropical forests.
  9. Jupiter Pluvius: Archaic term for heavy rainfall event.
  10. Jurisdictional Wetland: U.S. legally protected wetland under Clean Water Act.
  11. Juxtaposed Fault: Two faults intersecting with differing displacement.
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

K

  1. Kame: Irregular hill of sand and gravel deposited by retreating glacier.
  2. Kame Terrace: Assemblage of kames forming a valley-side bench.
  3. Karst: Landscape shaped by dissolution of soluble rocks such as limestone.
  4. Katabatic Wind: Cold, downslope airflow driven by gravity.
  5. Kettle Lake: Water-filled depression left after buried ice melts.
  6. Kinetic Sand Transport: Movement of sand grains in saltation and creep.
  7. Klippé: Isolated remnant of a thrust sheet surrounded by autochthonous rocks.
  8. Knob-and-Kettle Topography: Hill-depression landscape of hummocky glacial deposits.
  9. Komatiite: Ultramafic volcanic rock high in magnesium; Archaean.
  10. Köppen Climate Classification: Widely used global climate categorization system.
  11. Kuroshio Current: Warm western boundary current of the North Pacific.
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

L

  1. Lagoon: Shallow coastal waterbody separated from the ocean by a barrier.
  2. Lahar: Volcanic mudflow composed of pyroclasts and water.
  3. La Niña: Periodic cooling of eastern Pacific influencing global weather.
  4. Lake Effect Snow: Heavy snowfall produced as cold air passes over a warm lake.
  5. Laminar Flow: Smooth, parallel fluid motion with little mixing.
  6. Laterite: Iron-rich tropical soil developed under intense weathering.
  7. Latitude: Angular distance north or south of the equator.
  8. Laurasia: Northern supercontinent of late Paleozoic–early Mesozoic time.
  9. Leeward: Side sheltered from prevailing wind.
  10. Lenticular Cloud: Lens-shaped cloud formed by mountain-wave uplift.
  11. Limestone Pavement: Flat, exposed limestone with clints and grikes.
  12. Lithification: Conversion of sediment into solid rock.
  13. Lithosphere: Rigid outer shell of Earth comprising crust and upper mantle.
  14. Loess: Wind-blown silt deposit forming fertile soils.
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

M

  1. Magma Chamber: Subsurface reservoir of molten rock beneath a volcano.
  2. Magnetosphere: Region around a planet dominated by its magnetic field.
  3. Mantle Plume: Stationary, buoyant upwelling of hot mantle material.
  4. Maritime Climate: Temperature regime moderated by proximity to the ocean.
  5. Mass Movement: Downslope transport of soil or rock under gravity.
  6. Meander: Sinuous bend in a river channel.
  7. Mesa: Flat-topped, steep-sided landform in arid regions.
  8. Metamorphic Facies: Mineral assemblage indicating specific pressure-temperature conditions.
  9. Microclimate: Climate of a small, specific place differing from the surrounding area.
  10. Midocean Ridge: Submarine mountain chain formed at divergent plate boundaries.
  11. Milankovitch Cycles: Periodic changes in Earth’s orbit influencing climate.
  12. Monsoon: Seasonal reversal of winds bringing heavy rain to subtropics.
  13. Moraine: Accumulation of glacial debris deposited by ice.
  14. Mudflat: Coastal sedimentary environment exposed at low tide.
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

N

  1. Nappe: Large sheet of rock thrust far from its original position.
  2. Neap Tide: Tide of minimal range occurring when sun and moon are at right angles.
  3. Nearshore Zone: Coastal area extending from breaker line to shoreline.
  4. Necrotic Zone: Hypoxic coastal water with large-scale marine die-off.
  5. Negative Feedback: Self-limiting response stabilizing a climatological system.
  6. Neritic Province: Shallow marine environment over the continental shelf.
  7. Neuston: Organisms living at the air-water interface.
  8. Nickpoint: Abrupt change in river gradient like a waterfall.
  9. Nivation Hollow: Depression formed by snow-related weathering and meltwater erosion.
  10. Noctilucent Cloud: High-altitude mesospheric cloud visible during twilight.
  11. Normal Fault: Extension-related fracture with hanging wall moving down.
  12. Nunatak: Mountain peak protruding through an ice sheet.
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

O

  1. Oasis: Fertile area in a desert fed by groundwater or a spring.
  2. Obduction: Overthrusting of oceanic lithosphere onto continental crust.
  3. Ocean Gyre: Large-scale circular ocean current system.
  4. Oolite: Sedimentary rock composed of ooids formed by concentric precipitation.
  5. Orographic Lift: Air ascent forced by topography causing precipitation.
  6. Orthoclase: Common potassium feldspar in igneous rocks.
  7. Outcrop: Exposed section of bedrock at Earth’s surface.
  8. Outwash Plain: Stratified sand and gravel deposited by glacial meltwater.
  9. Ox-Bow Lake: Abandoned meander loop cut off from a river.
  10. Oxidation Weathering: Chemical reaction of minerals with oxygen, forming oxides.
  11. Ozone Layer: Stratospheric region rich in O₃ absorbing ultraviolet radiation.
  12. Ozone Hole: Seasonal thinning of stratospheric ozone over polar regions.
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

P

  1. Paleo-Channel: Remnant of a former river course filled with sediment.
  2. Paleomagnetism: Fossil magnetism in rocks recording past magnetic fields.
  3. Palsa: Peat hummock with an ice core found in subarctic bogs.
  4. Parabolic Dune: U-shaped dune with horns pointing upwind.
  5. Perched Water Table: Localized saturated zone above the regional water table.
  6. Periglacial: Environmental processes and landforms associated with cold, non-glacial climates.
  7. Permafrost: Ground remaining below 0 °C for at least two consecutive years.
  8. Phreatic Eruption: Steam explosion when water contacts hot magma.
  9. Photon Belt: High-energy ring of charged particles around a planet.
  10. Piedmont Glacier: Ice spreading at the foot of mountains from valley glaciers.
  11. Placer Deposit: Concentration of heavy minerals by fluvial or marine processes.
  12. Playa: Dry lake bed in a desert basin.
  13. Plinian Eruption: Explosive volcanic event ejecting ash high into the stratosphere.
  14. Plume Cloud: Towering ash or smoke column from a volcanic or industrial source.
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

Q

  1. Quaking Bog: Water-saturated peat mat that trembles when walked upon.
  2. Quarry: Open-pit mine for stone or gravel extraction.
  3. Quartzite: Hard, non-foliated metamorphic rock from sandstone.
  4. Quaternary Period: Most recent geologic period, last 2.6 million years.
  5. Queue Spillway: Emergency overflow channel for reservoirs during floods.
  6. Quicksand: Liquefied soil incapable of supporting weight.
  7. Quiet Sun: Period of low solar magnetic activity.
  8. Quoin: Structural corner stone resisting weathering (architectural geology).
  9. Quoll Corridor: Wildlife linkage in fragmented Australian habitats.
  10. Quorum Sensing: Bacterial chemical communication influencing marine biofilms.
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

R

  1. Radiolarite: Siliceous sedimentary rock from radiolarian skeletons.
  2. Rain Shadow: Dry region leeward of a mountain range.
  3. Raised Beach: Former shoreline elevated by isostatic rebound.
  4. Reef Crest: Highest point of a coral reef receiving maximum wave energy.
  5. Refugia: Areas where species survive unfavorable conditions.
  6. Regolith: Loose, heterogeneous material covering solid rock.
  7. Relief Inversion: Low areas become topographic highs due to differential erosion.
  8. Residual Soil: Soil developed in place from weathering of underlying bedrock.
  9. Retrograde Orbit: Satellite motion opposite the planet’s rotation (planetary geology).
  10. Ria Coast: Drowned river valley coastline.
  11. Rift Valley: Linear depression formed by extensional tectonics.
  12. Rip Current: Narrow, seaward flow of water from surf zone.
  13. River Capture: Diversion of one stream into the drainage of another.
  14. Rock Glacier: Lobe of ice-cemented rock debris creeping downslope.
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

S

  1. Sabkha: Coastal or inland salt flat in arid regions.
  2. Saline Intrusion: Movement of seawater into freshwater aquifers.
  3. Sandur: Icelandic term for glacial outwash plain.
  4. Saprolite: Deeply weathered, soft bedrock retaining original structure.
  5. Savanna: Tropical grassland with scattered trees.
  6. Seafloor Spreading: Creation of new oceanic crust at divergent boundaries.
  7. Seamount: Submarine mountain rising ≥1000 m above seafloor.
  8. Serac: Tower of unstable glacial ice.
  9. Shear Zone: Region of intense rock deformation due to differential movement.
  10. Shield Volcano: Broad, gently sloping volcano built of fluid lava flows.
  11. Sinter: Siliceous or calcareous deposit from hot springs.
  12. Slackwater Deposit: Fine sediment left by waning floodwaters.
  13. Slide Creep: Extremely slow mass-movement on gentle slopes.
  14. Sublimation: Phase change of ice directly to vapor.
  15. Swash Zone: Area of wave uprush and backwash on a beach face.
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

T

  1. Talus Slope: Accumulation of angular rock fragments at a cliff base.
  2. Tarn: Small mountain lake in a cirque.
  3. Tectonic Escape: Lateral movement of crustal blocks away from a collisional zone.
  4. Tectonostratigraphic Terrane: Crustal block with distinct geologic history sutured to a continent.
  5. Temperate Rainforest: Rainy, mild coastal forest at mid-latitudes.
  6. Terminal Moraine: Ridge marking maximum glacier advance.
  7. Thermocline: Layer of rapid temperature change in a body of water.
  8. Thermokarst: Landscape of irregular ground from thawing permafrost ice.
  9. Throughfall: Rainwater dripping from vegetation to the ground.
  10. Tide Gauge: Instrument measuring sea-level changes.
  11. Tombolo: Sandbar linking an island to the mainland.
  12. Topographic Inversion: Former depressions become highs due to resistant fill.
  13. Tsunami: Long-wavelength sea wave generated by seafloor disturbance.
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

U

  1. U-Shaped Valley: Glacially carved valley with steep sides and broad floor.
  2. Ultramafic Rock: Igneous rock very low in silica, high in Mg and Fe.
  3. Unconfined Aquifer: Groundwater body open to the atmosphere through porous material.
  4. Undercutting: Erosional removal of material at the base of a slope or riverbank.
  5. Underfit Stream: Small river occupying a large valley carved by greater discharge.
  6. Uniformitarianism: Principle that present processes operated similarly in the past.
  7. Unstable Isotope: Radioactive nuclide useful for geologic dating.
  8. Upwelling: Ascending deep, cold, nutrient-rich ocean water.
  9. Urban Canyon: Street flanked by tall buildings altering wind and temperature.
  10. Uvala: Large closed depression formed by coalesced dolines in karst.
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

V

  1. Vadose Zone: Unsaturated zone between land surface and water table.
  2. Varve: Annual couplet of sediment layers in a glacial lake.
  3. Ventifact: Wind-polished rock with faceted surfaces.
  4. Vernal Pool: Seasonal wetland filling in spring and drying in summer.
  5. Vertical Exaggeration: Scale distortion used in cross-section diagrams.
  6. Vesicle: Gas bubble cavity in volcanic rock.
  7. Vinicunca: “Rainbow Mountain” in Peru exhibiting striking mineral bands.
  8. Vog: Volcanic smog of sulfurous gases and aerosols.
  9. Volcaniclastic: Fragmental material produced by volcanic activity.
  10. Vulnerability Index: Composite measure of exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity to hazards.
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

W

  1. Wadi: Dry desert channel that carries water only during rare rains.
  2. Warping: Broad, gentle bending of Earth’s crust.
  3. Water Balance: Accounting of water inputs and outputs for a system.
  4. Water Table: Upper surface of the saturated groundwater zone.
  5. Wave Cut Platform: Flat bench eroded at a cliff base by marine action.
  6. Weathering: Physical and chemical breakdown of rocks in situ.
  7. Weichselian Glaciation: Last glacial phase in northern Europe.
  8. Wet Bulb Temperature: Lowest temperature reachable by evaporative cooling.
  9. Whitecap: Foamy crest of a breaking wave.
  10. Willow Spillway: Biotechnical stabilization using live willow bundles (river engineering).
  11. Wind Gap: Waterless pass once occupied by a stream.
  12. Windward: Side exposed to prevailing wind.
  13. Woody Debris Jam: Mass of fallen trees obstructing a river channel.
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

X

  1. Xenolith: Rock fragment enclosed within an igneous intrusion.
  2. Xeric Habitat: Environment characterized by low moisture availability.
  3. Xerophyte: Plant adapted to arid conditions.
  4. Xyloid Coal: Coal preserving original wood structure.
  5. Xylophilous Fungus: Wood-loving fungus important in decomposition.
  6. Xylophage: Organism that feeds on wood, influencing forest nutrient cycles.
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

Y

  1. Yacht Rock Fall: Informal term for coastal cliff collapse threatening marinas.
  2. Yardang: Wind-sculpted ridge of soft rock in arid regions.
  3. Yellow-Brown Earth: Temperate soil rich in iron oxides.
  4. Yetter-Drilling Effect: Newly identified hydrologic response to permafrost thaw and drilling.
  5. Yield Point: Stress at which a soil begins to plastically deform.
  6. Yosemite Decimal System: Rock-climbing difficulty rating (geomorphology of cliffs).
  7. Youthful Stream: Early stage of river incision with steep gradient.
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

Z

  1. Zeolite: Hydrated aluminosilicate mineral used in water purification.
  2. Zero-Fold Axis: Line of no folding separating opposing structural vergence.
  3. Zibar: Small, low-amplitude eolian sand ridge found in deserts.
  4. Zinciferous Soil: Soil enriched in zinc from ore bodies.
  5. Zone of Accumulation: Portion of a glacier where snowfall exceeds melting.
  6. Zoogeography: Branch of biogeography focused on animal distribution.
  7. Zuyderzee Works: Dutch engineering project converting an estuary into freshwater lake.






Schulfach+

Prüfungsliteratur 2026
Bundesland Bücher Kurzbeschreibung
Baden-Württemberg

Abitur

  1. Der zerbrochne Krug - Heinrich von Kleist
  2. Heimsuchung - Jenny Erpenbeck

Mittlere Reife

  1. Der Markisenmann - Jan Weiler oder Als die Welt uns gehörte - Liz Kessler
  2. Ein Schatten wie ein Leopard - Myron Levoy oder Pampa Blues - Rolf Lappert

Abitur Dorfrichter-Komödie über Wahrheit/Schuld; Roman über einen Ort und deutsche Geschichte. Mittlere Reife Wahllektüren (Roadtrip-Vater-Sohn / Jugendroman im NS-Kontext / Coming-of-age / Provinzroman).

Bayern

Abitur

  1. Der zerbrochne Krug - Heinrich von Kleist
  2. Heimsuchung - Jenny Erpenbeck

Abitur Lustspiel über Machtmissbrauch und Recht; Roman als Zeitschnitt deutscher Geschichte an einem Haus/Grundstück.

Berlin/Brandenburg

Abitur

  1. Der zerbrochne Krug - Heinrich von Kleist
  2. Woyzeck - Georg Büchner
  3. Der Biberpelz - Gerhart Hauptmann
  4. Heimsuchung - Jenny Erpenbeck

Abitur Gerichtskomödie; soziales Drama um Ausbeutung/Armut; Komödie/Satire um Diebstahl und Obrigkeit; Roman über Erinnerungsräume und Umbrüche.

Bremen

Abitur

  1. Nach Mitternacht - Irmgard Keun
  2. Mario und der Zauberer - Thomas Mann
  3. Emilia Galotti - Gotthold Ephraim Lessing oder Miss Sara Sampson - Gotthold Ephraim Lessing

Abitur Roman in der NS-Zeit (Alltag, Anpassung, Angst); Novelle über Verführung/Massenpsychologie; bürgerliche Trauerspiele (Moral, Macht, Stand).

Hamburg

Abitur

  1. Der zerbrochne Krug - Heinrich von Kleist
  2. Das kunstseidene Mädchen - Irmgard Keun

Abitur Justiz-/Machtkritik als Komödie; Großstadtroman der Weimarer Zeit (Rollenbilder, Aufstiegsträume, soziale Realität).

Hessen

Abitur

  1. Der zerbrochne Krug - Heinrich von Kleist
  2. Woyzeck - Georg Büchner
  3. Heimsuchung - Jenny Erpenbeck
  4. Der Prozess - Franz Kafka

Abitur Gerichtskomödie; Fragmentdrama über Gewalt/Entmenschlichung; Erinnerungsroman über deutsche Brüche; moderner Roman über Schuld, Macht und Bürokratie.

Niedersachsen

Abitur

  1. Der zerbrochene Krug - Heinrich von Kleist
  2. Das kunstseidene Mädchen - Irmgard Keun
  3. Die Marquise von O. - Heinrich von Kleist
  4. Über das Marionettentheater - Heinrich von Kleist

Abitur Schwerpunkt auf Drama/Roman sowie Kleist-Prosatext und Essay (Ehre, Gewalt, Unschuld; Ästhetik/„Anmut“).

Nordrhein-Westfalen

Abitur

  1. Der zerbrochne Krug - Heinrich von Kleist
  2. Heimsuchung - Jenny Erpenbeck

Abitur Komödie über Wahrheit und Autorität; Roman als literarische „Geschichtsschichtung“ an einem Ort.

Saarland

Abitur

  1. Heimsuchung - Jenny Erpenbeck
  2. Furor - Lutz Hübner und Sarah Nemitz
  3. Bahnwärter Thiel - Gerhart Hauptmann

Abitur Erinnerungsroman an einem Ort; zeitgenössisches Drama über Eskalation/Populismus; naturalistische Novelle (Pflicht/Überforderung/Abgrund).

Sachsen (berufliches Gymnasium)

Abitur

  1. Der zerbrochne Krug - Heinrich von Kleist
  2. Woyzeck - Georg Büchner
  3. Irrungen, Wirrungen - Theodor Fontane
  4. Der gute Mensch von Sezuan - Bertolt Brecht
  5. Heimsuchung - Jenny Erpenbeck
  6. Der Trafikant - Robert Seethaler

Abitur Mischung aus Klassiker-Drama, sozialem Drama, realistischem Roman, epischem Theater und Gegenwarts-/Erinnerungsroman; zusätzlich Coming-of-age im historischen Kontext.

Sachsen-Anhalt

Abitur

  1. (keine fest benannte landesweite Pflichtlektüre veröffentlicht; Themenfelder)

Abitur Schwerpunktsetzung über Themenfelder (u. a. Literatur um 1900; Sprache in politisch-gesellschaftlichen Kontexten), ohne feste Einzeltitel.

Schleswig-Holstein

Abitur

  1. Der zerbrochne Krug - Heinrich von Kleist
  2. Heimsuchung - Jenny Erpenbeck

Abitur Recht/Gerechtigkeit und historische Tiefenschichten eines Ortes – umgesetzt über Drama und Gegenwartsroman.

Thüringen

Abitur

  1. (keine fest benannte landesweite Pflichtlektüre veröffentlicht; Orientierung am gemeinsamen Aufgabenpool)

Abitur In der Praxis häufig Orientierung am gemeinsamen Aufgabenpool; landesweite Einzeltitel je nach Vorgabe/Handreichung nicht einheitlich ausgewiesen.

Mecklenburg-Vorpommern

Abitur

  1. (Quelle aktuell technisch nicht abrufbar; Beteiligung am gemeinsamen Aufgabenpool bekannt)

Abitur Land beteiligt sich am länderübergreifenden Aufgabenpool; konkrete, veröffentlichte Einzeltitel konnten hier nicht ausgelesen werden.

Rheinland-Pfalz

Abitur

  1. (keine landesweit einheitliche Pflichtlektüre; schulische Auswahl)

Abitur Keine landesweite Einheitsliste; Auswahl kann schul-/kursbezogen erfolgen.




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  1. Trust Me It's True: #Verschwörungstheorie #FakeNews
  2. Gregor Samsa Is You: #Kafka #Verwandlung
  3. Who Owns Who: #Musk #Geld
  4. Lump: #Trump #Manipulation
  5. Filth Like You: #Konsum #Heuchelei
  6. Your Poverty Pisses Me Off: #SozialeUngerechtigkeit #Musk
  7. Hello I'm Pump: #Trump #Kapitalismus
  8. Monkey Dance Party: #Lebensfreude
  9. God Hates You Too: #Religionsfanatiker
  10. You You You: #Klimawandel #Klimaleugner
  11. Monkey Free: #Konformität #Macht #Kontrolle
  12. Pure Blood: #Rassismus
  13. Monkey World: #Chaos #Illusion #Manipulation
  14. Uh Uh Uh Poor You: #Kafka #BerichtAkademie #Doppelmoral
  15. The Monkey Dance Song: #Gesellschaftskritik
  16. Will You Be Mine: #Love
  17. Arbeitsheft
  18. And Thanks for Your Meat: #AntiFactoryFarming #AnimalRights #MeatIndustry


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