Wales

Introduction

Wales is a country in the western part of the island of Great Britain and one of the four countries of the United Kingdom. In Welsh, Wales is called Cymru. Its capital is Cardiff, or Caerdydd in Welsh. Wales combines mountain landscapes, a long coastline, industrial and rural communities, two living national languages, distinctive cultural traditions, and a devolved democratic system.

The red dragon on the Welsh flag is one of the most recognisable national symbols in Europe. Yet Wales is more than a collection of symbols. To understand the country, you need to connect physical geography, historical change, language, politics, work, migration, culture, and environmental responsibility.

This aiMOOC is designed mainly for secondary-school learners, language learners, and introductory college or university courses. You will learn to:

Locate and describe Wales: Explain how mountains, valleys, rivers, coasts, climate, and settlement patterns are connected.
Interpret historical change: Trace major developments from early societies and medieval kingdoms to industrialisation and devolution.
Understand bilingual Wales: Examine the roles of Welsh and English in education, public life, media, and identity.
Analyse government: Distinguish the responsibilities of the Senedd, the Welsh Government, the UK Parliament, and local authorities.
Explore culture critically: Investigate literature, music, festivals, food, sport, and national symbols without reducing a diverse society to stereotypes.
Evaluate future choices: Apply evidence to debates about tourism, housing, language, energy, transport, biodiversity, and regional inequality.

Wales at a Glance

Feature	Key information
Country	Wales, called Cymru in Welsh, is a country within the United Kingdom.
Location	Wales lies west of England on the island of Great Britain, between the Irish Sea, Bristol Channel, and Celtic Sea.
Capital	Cardiff is the capital and largest city.
Population	The 2021 Census recorded a population of about 3.1 million.
Area	Wales covers roughly 21,000 square kilometres.
Languages	English is widely used, and Welsh has official status in Wales.
Highest point	Yr Wyddfa, also known in English as Snowdon, reaches 1,085 metres.
Legislature	The Senedd, or Welsh Parliament, makes laws in devolved areas and holds the Welsh Government to account.
National parks	Eryri National Park, Pembrokeshire Coast National Park, and Bannau Brycheiniog National Park protect major landscapes and communities.

The overview video can help you build a mental map. While watching, separate statements that describe physical geography from those that describe human geography. Also note which claims should be checked against an atlas, census, or official source.

Physical Geography

Location, Relief, and Regions

Wales shares a land border with England to the east. The sea surrounds it on the north, west, and much of the south. This position gives Wales a strongly maritime climate, with generally mild temperatures, frequent cloud, and rainfall that is usually higher in western uplands than in eastern lowlands.

The landscape is often divided into broad regions:

North Wales: Mountainous areas, the island of Anglesey, coastal settlements, tourism, agriculture, and many communities with a high proportion of Welsh speakers.
Mid Wales: Uplands, reservoirs, forests, market towns, farming, and a relatively low population density.
South West Wales: Peninsulas, bays, ports, rural areas, tourism, energy infrastructure, and the city of Swansea.
South Wales Valleys: Valleys shaped by rivers, coal mining, industrial towns, transport corridors, and post-industrial change.
South East Wales: The most urbanised region, including Cardiff, Newport, and their wider commuter and economic areas.

These regions are useful, but their boundaries are not exact. Real communities overlap, and people may define their region through landscape, language, local government, work, transport, or family connections.

Mountains, Rivers, and Glacial Landscapes

The highest mountains are in the north-west, especially in Eryri. During the Ice Ages, glaciers deepened valleys, carved bowl-shaped cwms, and left lakes and deposits. Yr Wyddfa is the highest summit in Wales. Mountain areas attract walkers and climbers, but they also contain farms, homes, water catchments, habitats, transport routes, and culturally significant place names.

Important rivers include the River Severn, River Wye, River Usk, River Towy, River Dee, and River Teifi. Rivers connect uplands to lowlands and influence settlement, farming, wildlife, industry, flood risk, and recreation. Some rivers cross the Wales–England border, showing that environmental systems do not follow political boundaries neatly.

Reservoirs in Wales supply water to communities within and beyond Wales. Their construction has sometimes created political conflict because valleys, farms, villages, and cultural landscapes have been flooded. The history of water therefore links geography with power, memory, and justice.

Coast, Climate, and National Parks

Wales has a varied coastline of cliffs, beaches, dunes, estuaries, salt marshes, ports, and islands. Coastal processes such as erosion, deposition, storms, and sea-level rise continually reshape this edge. The Wales Coast Path links coastal landscapes around the country and supports recreation and tourism, but heavy visitor pressure can also affect habitats, housing, traffic, and local services.

Wales has three national parks: Eryri, Pembrokeshire Coast, and Bannau Brycheiniog. Together they cover about one fifth of the country. National parks are not empty wildernesses. People live and work within them, so park authorities must balance conservation, farming, housing, transport, tourism, language, and local economic needs.

A useful geographical question is: Who benefits and who carries the cost when a landscape is protected, developed, visited, or rewilded? A strong answer should include ecological evidence and the perspectives of residents, land managers, visitors, workers, and future generations.

Biodiversity and Environmental Pressures

Welsh habitats include upland heath, blanket bog, ancient woodland, rivers, wetlands, grasslands, sand dunes, estuaries, and marine ecosystems. Species and habitats face pressures from climate change, pollution, invasive species, habitat fragmentation, intensive land use, and poorly managed development.

Environmental policy involves trade-offs. Wind and tidal energy can reduce greenhouse-gas emissions, but projects may alter landscapes, habitats, fishing grounds, and community life. Tree planting can store carbon, but the choice of species, land ownership, food production, and local employment all matter. Sustainable decisions require more than choosing between “development” and “nature”; they require careful design, public involvement, long-term thinking, and fair distribution of costs and benefits.

Historical Development

Early Wales and the Roman Period

Human communities have lived in the area now called Wales since prehistoric times. Archaeological evidence includes burial chambers, hillforts, tools, field systems, and ritual landscapes. These remains show that the past was not a simple sequence of isolated peoples. Trade, migration, conflict, adaptation, and cultural exchange connected Wales to Ireland, Britain, and continental Europe.

Roman forces conquered much of Britain during the first century CE. In Wales they built forts, roads, mines, and settlements, including important sites at Caerleon and Caerwent. Roman rule changed administration, trade, military organisation, and resource extraction, but local languages and identities did not simply disappear.

After Roman rule ended in the early fifth century, several Brittonic kingdoms developed. Over time, a distinct Welsh identity and Welsh language evolved from the Brittonic world of post-Roman Britain.

Medieval Kingdoms, Princes, and Conquest

Medieval Wales was divided among changing kingdoms and dynasties, including Gwynedd, Powys, and Deheubarth. Rulers sometimes cooperated and sometimes competed. The title “Prince of Wales” was used by Welsh rulers such as Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, but medieval political control was never simple or permanent.

Norman lords established territories along the border and in parts of southern Wales after 1066. These frontier areas became known as the Welsh Marches. In the late thirteenth century, King Edward I of England completed the military conquest of the independent Welsh principality. Castles and walled towns, including Caernarfon, Conwy, Harlech, and Beaumaris, strengthened English royal control. They are impressive works of architecture, but they must also be studied as instruments of conquest, settlement, taxation, and surveillance.

Owain Glyndŵr led a major revolt against English rule beginning in 1400 and established a Welsh parliament for a time. His legacy remains important in discussions of national identity and political autonomy.

The documentary introduces a broad historical narrative. As you watch, identify whose voices are central, whose experiences are less visible, and which claims could be tested using archaeological evidence, laws, letters, maps, or material culture.

Union, Religion, and Cultural Continuity

The Laws in Wales Acts of 1535 and 1542 integrated Wales into the English legal and administrative system and gave Welsh counties representation in the English Parliament. English became the language of law and administration, while Welsh remained widely spoken in everyday life.

The translation of the Bible into Welsh in the sixteenth century helped sustain literacy and religious life in Welsh. Later, Nonconformist chapels became influential in education, music, community organisation, and political culture. It is important not to imagine one uniform Welsh religious experience: Anglican, Nonconformist, Catholic, Jewish, Muslim, Hindu, Sikh, humanist, and other communities have all contributed to modern Wales.

Industrialisation and Social Change

From the late eighteenth century, parts of Wales became centres of coal, iron, copper, slate, steel, and transport. Industrial growth transformed landscapes and attracted migrants from rural Wales, other parts of Britain, Ireland, and beyond. The South Wales coalfield, the iron towns around Merthyr Tydfil and Blaenavon, the copper industry of Swansea, and the slate quarries of north-west Wales became connected to global markets.

Industrialisation created employment, towns, railways, ports, wealth, and new technologies. It also involved dangerous working conditions, pollution, class conflict, child labour in earlier periods, and sharp inequality. Trade unions, friendly societies, chapels, libraries, choirs, and political movements grew within industrial communities.

The decline of coal mining and heavy industry in the twentieth century brought unemployment, out-migration, health problems, and long-term economic restructuring. Former industrial sites now serve different purposes: museums, heritage attractions, nature areas, business parks, housing, or renewable-energy locations. Heritage can preserve memory and create jobs, but it can also simplify difficult histories unless workers’ voices and environmental impacts remain visible.

Devolution and Contemporary Wales

In a 1997 referendum, voters narrowly supported the creation of a devolved assembly. The National Assembly for Wales began work in 1999. Its law-making and tax powers expanded over time, and in 2020 it was renamed Senedd Cymru or the Welsh Parliament, commonly called the Senedd.

Devolution means that some decisions are made in Wales while other matters remain the responsibility of the UK Parliament and UK Government. It is a continuing process rather than a single completed event. Debates about autonomy, independence, union, local power, and constitutional reform remain part of public life.

Language and Identity

Welsh and English in Public Life

Welsh, or Cymraeg, is a Celtic language related to Breton and Cornish and more distantly to Irish, Scottish Gaelic, and Manx. The Welsh Language (Wales) Measure 2011 gave Welsh official status in Wales and established the principle that it should not be treated less favourably than English in specified public services.

English is the main everyday language for most residents, while Welsh is used in homes, schools, workplaces, public administration, broadcasting, literature, music, digital media, and community life. Bilingual signs are a visible feature of Wales, but bilingualism is more than translation on a sign. It involves access to services, confidence, education, employment, intergenerational transmission, and the right to choose a language.

The 2021 Census reported that about 538,300 residents aged three or over, or 17.8 percent, said they could speak Welsh. A census answer is a self-assessment, so it does not measure every form of fluency, frequency of use, or emotional connection. Welsh-speaking rates also vary greatly by age and region.

Place Names and Linguistic Landscapes

Place names preserve information about landscape, settlement, ownership, religion, and memory. Examples include elements such as aber for a river mouth or confluence, llan for an early religious enclosure or parish, caer for a fort, and cwm for a valley.

Using Welsh names such as Yr Wyddfa and Eryri can support language visibility and local heritage. However, place-name debates can involve pronunciation, tourism, mapping, property marketing, and differing ideas about identity. A respectful approach is to learn the local form, ask how residents use it, and avoid treating language as decoration.

While watching, listen for explanations of the language family, sound system, and social history. Then compare the video with official census data and examples of Welsh in contemporary media.

Literature, Music, and the Eisteddfod

Welsh literary traditions include medieval poetry, the tales collected as the Mabinogion, bardic metres, hymns, novels, drama, and contemporary writing in Welsh and English. Writers associated with Wales include Dafydd ap Gwilym, Kate Roberts, Saunders Lewis, Dylan Thomas, R. S. Thomas, Gillian Clarke, and many others. No short list represents the full range of Welsh experiences.

The eisteddfod is a festival of literature, music, performance, and competition. Local eisteddfodau take place in schools and communities, while the National Eisteddfod is a major Welsh-language cultural event. The Urdd Eisteddfod focuses on children and young people.

Choirs, brass bands, folk music, rock, pop, classical music, hip-hop, electronic music, and multilingual performance all form part of Welsh culture. Cultural identity is therefore dynamic: traditions are repeated, questioned, adapted, and mixed with global influences.

Government and Society

The Senedd and Welsh Government

The Senedd is the democratically elected Welsh Parliament. It debates and passes laws in devolved areas, agrees certain Welsh taxes, examines public spending, represents people and communities, and holds the Welsh Government to account. The Welsh Government develops policy and delivers public services in areas for which it is responsible.

Key devolved fields include health, education, local government, housing, agriculture, the environment, culture, and many aspects of transport. Reserved matters remain mainly at UK level, including defence, foreign affairs, immigration, and most macroeconomic policy. The exact boundary can be legally complex, so current official guidance should be used in detailed case studies.

When studying devolution, distinguish between:

Legislature: The body that debates, passes laws, scrutinises government, and represents voters.
Executive: Ministers and public administration that develop and implement policy.
Local authorities: Councils responsible for many local services and decisions.
UK institutions: Bodies responsible for reserved matters and UK-wide decisions.

Citizenship, Diversity, and Participation

People in Wales have varied national, ethnic, linguistic, religious, class, gender, and local identities. Someone may identify as Welsh, British, both, another nationality, or none of these. Communities have been shaped by long histories of internal migration and by people arriving from Ireland, England, continental Europe, the Caribbean, Africa, Asia, the Middle East, and elsewhere.

Democratic participation includes voting, contacting representatives, joining organisations, responding to consultations, campaigning, volunteering, creating media, organising at work, and taking part in local decision-making. Participation is unequal when people face barriers such as poverty, discrimination, inaccessible information, limited transport, insecure housing, or lack of confidence in institutions.

A critical citizenship question is: How can public decisions include people whose voices are often least heard?

Economy and Work

Wales has a mixed economy. Important sectors include public services, health and care, education, manufacturing, construction, tourism, retail, food and drink, agriculture, digital industries, creative production, finance, aerospace, compound semiconductors, steel, and energy.

Economic opportunities differ across regions. Cardiff and parts of south-east Wales have concentrated growth in administration, higher education, media, finance, and services. Rural regions may depend more heavily on agriculture, tourism, small businesses, and public-sector employment. Former industrial communities continue to address the legacy of mine and factory closures. Transport access, broadband, skills, housing costs, health, and investment influence whether people can benefit from new jobs.

Agriculture shapes much of the landscape, especially through sheep and cattle farming. Farmers face changing markets, environmental rules, climate risks, and debates over food security and land use. Tourism creates income and employment but can also produce seasonal work, congestion, pressure on housing, and ecological damage.

Energy is a major future issue. Wales has resources for wind, solar, hydroelectric, marine, and tidal power, as well as a history of fossil-fuel and heavy-industrial energy use. A just transition should reduce emissions while supporting workers, communities, affordable energy, biodiversity, and democratic participation.

Future Generations and Sustainable Development

The Well-being of Future Generations (Wales) Act 2015 requires specified public bodies to work toward seven national well-being goals. These cover prosperity, resilience, health, equality, cohesive communities, vibrant culture and a thriving Welsh language, and global responsibility.

The Act encourages long-term thinking, prevention, integration, collaboration, and involvement. In practice, learners can use these principles to evaluate a proposed road, hospital, wind farm, tourism project, housing development, language policy, or school plan. A proposal is stronger when it considers economic, social, environmental, and cultural effects together rather than treating them as separate problems.

Culture, Sport, and Everyday Life

Symbols and Celebrations

The red dragon, or Y Ddraig Goch, appears on the national flag. The leek and daffodil are widely used national emblems. Saint David is the patron saint of Wales, and Saint David’s Day is marked on 1 March. These symbols can create shared recognition, but they do not define every person’s identity.

Traditional foods associated with Wales include cawl, Welsh cakes, bara brith, rarebit, local cheeses, lamb, and laverbread made from seaweed. Food culture also reflects migration, trade, changing diets, urban life, ethical choices, and global cuisines.

Sport and Collective Identity

Rugby union has a strong place in Welsh public culture, especially through clubs, schools, the national team, songs, and stadium events. Football is also widely played and followed, and its national teams have created major moments of shared celebration. Other important activities include athletics, cycling, boxing, cricket, swimming, sailing, hiking, para-sport, and community recreation.

Sport can create belonging and improve health, but it also raises questions about access, gender equality, funding, commercialisation, concussion, language use, and the environmental impact of large events. Studying sport critically means examining both emotional meaning and institutional power.

The street interviews present personal views about what feels “typically Welsh.” Treat them as examples rather than a final definition. Compare answers by age, location, language, and experience, and notice how humour and stereotypes shape conversation.

Wales in a Wider Context

Wales is part of the United Kingdom and has its own national institutions, cultural organisations, education system, health service structures, laws in devolved fields, and international profile. This creates overlapping scales of belonging and decision-making: local, Welsh, British, European, and global.

Wales has strong historical links with England, Ireland, Scotland, and wider Europe. Industrial products, workers, religious movements, music, sport, and migration connected Welsh communities to the world. Welsh emigrants established communities abroad, especially in the United States, Canada, Australia, and Patagonia in Argentina. At the same time, people from many countries have made Wales their home.

Current debates include constitutional change, regional inequality, the future of the Welsh language, affordable housing, public services, climate adaptation, energy, farming, transport, and the relationship between heritage and development. These are not only “Welsh issues.” They are local versions of wider global questions about democracy, identity, sustainability, and fairness.

Key Concepts for Analysis

Concept	Meaning in this course	Example question
Physical geography	Natural processes and features such as relief, rivers, climate, coasts, and ecosystems.	How did glaciation influence settlement and tourism in Eryri?
Human geography	Population, settlement, economy, transport, culture, and the ways people shape places.	Why are jobs and population concentrated unevenly across Wales?
Identity	A changing sense of belonging shaped by language, history, place, relationships, and experience.	Can a person hold Welsh, British, and global identities at the same time?
Devolution	The transfer of decision-making powers from central UK institutions to institutions in Wales.	Which level of government should decide education policy?
Bilingualism	The use, learning, and public presence of two languages.	What makes a public service genuinely accessible in Welsh and English?
Industrial heritage	Material sites, memories, skills, and social histories connected with industry.	How should a former coal mine be interpreted for visitors?
Sustainability	Meeting present needs while protecting the ability of future generations to meet theirs.	How can renewable energy projects be both low-carbon and locally fair?
Representation	The ways people, communities, and places are described or given political voice.	Whose Wales is shown in tourism advertising, museums, or school textbooks?

Interactive Tasks

Quiz: Test Your Knowledge

What is the capital of Wales? (Cardiff) (!Swansea) (!Newport) (!Bangor)

What is the Welsh name for Wales? (Cymru) (!Eire) (!Alba) (!Kernow)

Which mountain is the highest point in Wales? (Yr Wyddfa) (!Pen y Fan) (!Cadair Idris) (!Plynlimon)

Which national park is in north west Wales? (Eryri) (!Dartmoor) (!Exmoor) (!Peak District)

What did the Welsh Language Measure establish? (Official status for Welsh) (!English only education) (!A new UK currency) (!The abolition of councils)

What percentage of residents aged three or over reported speaking Welsh in the 2021 Census? (Seventeen point eight percent) (!Five point two percent) (!Thirty nine percent) (!Sixty four percent)

What is one central function of the Senedd? (Making laws in devolved areas) (!Commanding the armed forces) (!Issuing passports) (!Running foreign embassies)

Which industries strongly shaped nineteenth century South Wales? (Coal and iron) (!Silk and tea) (!Cotton and rubber) (!Coffee and tobacco)

What is an eisteddfod? (A festival of arts and performance) (!A mountain railway) (!A type of parliament) (!A coastal landform)

What does the Future Generations Act promote? (Long term public well being) (!Short term private profit) (!A single national industry) (!The removal of local voices)

Memory Game

Cymru	The Welsh name for Wales
Cardiff	The capital city of Wales
Yr Wyddfa	The highest mountain in Wales
Senedd	The Welsh Parliament
Eisteddfod	A festival of literature music and performance
Devolution	Transfer of powers to Welsh institutions
Blaenavon	A landscape associated with coal and iron heritage

Drag and Drop

Match the correct terms.	Topic
Eryri	Mountain national park in north west Wales
Pembrokeshire Coast	National park focused on a dramatic coastal landscape
Bannau Brycheiniog	Upland national park in south and mid Wales
South Wales Valleys	Region strongly shaped by coal mining and industrial towns
Cardiff	Capital and major urban centre in south east Wales

...

Crossword Puzzle

Cardiff	Which city is the capital of Wales?
Cymru	What is the Welsh name for Wales?
Senedd	What is the common name of the Welsh Parliament?
Eisteddfod	Which festival celebrates literature music and performance?
Devolution	What term means transferring powers to institutions in Wales?
Bilingualism	What term describes the public use of Welsh and English?

LearningApps

Cloze Text

Wales is a country within the

. Its Welsh name is

. The capital and largest city is

. The highest mountain is

. Wales has a changeable

climate because it lies beside the sea. The three national parks protect landscapes while also containing living

. The Welsh language has

status in Wales. The 2021 Census recorded that 17.8 percent of residents aged three or over could speak

. The elected parliament is commonly called the

. The transfer of powers to Welsh institutions is known as

. Coal iron steel and slate were important during

. The eisteddfod celebrates literature music and

. The Future Generations Act encourages public bodies to think about long term

. A fair environmental policy should consider ecological social economic and

effects.

Open-Ended Tasks

Easy

Map of Wales: Create a labelled map showing Cardiff, the Wales–England border, Yr Wyddfa, one major river, and all three national parks; add a short caption explaining one spatial pattern.
Welsh place names: Choose five Welsh place names, investigate what their elements mean, and design an illustrated pronunciation and meaning guide.
National symbols of Wales: Produce a one-page visual explaining the dragon, leek, daffodil, and Saint David’s Day, including a note that symbols do not represent every person in the same way.
Postcard from Wales: Write a 180-word postcard from a real Welsh location that combines sensory description with two accurate geographical facts.

Standard

Bilingual public space: Photograph or collect examples of bilingual signs and services, then evaluate whether they provide equal access or only symbolic visibility.
Industrial heritage interview: Interview a relative, resident, worker, or museum educator about industrial change; obtain consent, record key themes, and compare the account with one reliable historical source.
Sustainable tourism in Wales: Design a three-day low-impact itinerary and justify choices about transport, accommodation, language, local spending, accessibility, and habitat protection.
Wales news comparison: Compare how two reputable English-language news sources and one Welsh-language source frame the same Welsh issue; identify differences in vocabulary, evidence, and audience.

Advanced

Devolution policy briefing: Select one policy area and write a briefing that explains which institutions hold power, where responsibilities overlap, and what reform you recommend.
Future Generations impact assessment: Evaluate a hypothetical wind farm, road, housing scheme, or visitor centre against the seven well-being goals and propose evidence-based changes.
Representing Wales documentary: Produce a five-minute video that challenges a stereotype about Wales by combining interviews, maps, statistics, archive material, and a transparent source list.
Regional inequality research project: Use census, transport, employment, health, or language data to compare two Welsh regions, visualise the results, discuss limitations, and recommend a fair policy response.

Learning Assessment

Landscape and society assessment: Explain how one physical feature of Wales has influenced settlement, work, culture, and environmental conflict, using a map and at least two types of evidence.
Historical interpretation assessment: Compare a castle, mine, quarry, or reservoir as both a material site and a symbol of power; assess how different groups might interpret it.
Language policy assessment: Develop criteria for judging whether an institution treats Welsh no less favourably than English, then apply the criteria to a realistic service scenario.
Devolution case study assessment: Analyse a public problem that involves Welsh, UK, and local institutions; map responsibilities and defend where the final decision should be made.
Sustainable development assessment: Evaluate a proposed economic project by weighing jobs, emissions, biodiversity, housing, language, heritage, and long-term community well-being.
Media representation assessment: Compare three representations of Wales and judge which is most accurate, inclusive, and useful, supporting your conclusion with specific evidence.

Evidence of Learning

Important evidence of learning includes:

Knowledge: Accurate understanding of Welsh geography, major historical changes, bilingualism, devolution, economic transformation, culture, and sustainability.
Geographical skills: Ability to interpret maps, recognise spatial patterns, connect physical and human processes, and assess scale.
Historical skills: Ability to use chronology, compare sources, identify perspective, and distinguish evidence from national myth.
Language awareness: Respectful use of Welsh names, understanding of bilingual public life, and awareness of variation in language ability and identity.
Civic reasoning: Ability to distinguish institutions, analyse power, include underrepresented voices, and justify policy choices.
Research quality: Reliable sourcing, correct citation, ethical interviewing, transparent methods, and careful treatment of uncertainty.
Products: Maps, essays, briefings, interviews, posters, data visualisations, podcasts, or videos that communicate clearly to a defined audience.
Transfer achievement: Ability to apply ideas from Wales to another multilingual region, devolved political system, post-industrial area, protected landscape, or sustainability debate.
Reflection: Evidence that you revised a claim or product after feedback and can explain how your thinking changed.

Sources and Further Reading

Use these sources to verify statistics, laws, institutional responsibilities, and heritage information:

OERs on the Topic

Linked Learning Areas

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