English: The framework illustrates a two-phase framework conceptualizing the dissemination of disinformation on social media. The first phase is “seeding,” in which actors strategically insert misleading deceptions by masquerading or obfuscating statements as legitimate. Seeding means planting or inserting adversarial narratives by hiding the source. The second phase, “echoing,” represents how disinformation circulates in echo chambers through contradictions against opponents in cultural wars. Participants use falsehoods, selective truths, beliefs, value judgments, and all available controversies to exploit their identity in opposition to their perceived opponents.