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A
Quenching : Rapid cooling of heated workpieces (usually steel) in water, oil or air to induce hardness.Anvil : Massive forging block with distinct zones (face, horn, step) for shaping hot metal.Tempering : Re-heating a hardened workpiece to a moderate temperature to reduce brittleness.Rough-shaping : First forging phase to give the raw form to the workpiece.Scribing : Marking lines or points to guide forging or cutting.Carburizing : Thermo-chemical process that raises the carbon content at the surface of steel.Build-up Welding : Adding extra material by forge welding or arc processes.Decarburizing : Surface carbon loss by overheating in an oxidising atmosphere – damaging to material.Drawing-out (Stretching) : Lengthening a workpiece by targeted deformation in one direction.
B
Flat-faced Hammer : Blacksmith hammer with a flat striking face (“peen”) for general work.Drop Hammer Ram : Heavy falling mass of a power hammer that delivers forging blows.Bending : Plastic deformation to create an angle or curve – cold or hot.Die Bending : Placing a workpiece between shaped tools and bending it to form.Bellows : Historic air-supply system for the forge hearth.Borax : Flux that aids forge welding by protecting the joint from oxidation.Burning Crack : Material defect caused by overheating – leads to inter-granular cracks.Heat-Treatment Furnace : Closed furnace for annealing or hardening workpieces.Bronze Casting : Process of pouring molten bronze into moulds.Bronze Age : Pre-iron historical period marked by bronze tools and weapons.Bluing : Chemical black-oxidation of steel surfaces for corrosion protection and finish.
C
Carbon Steel : Steel with specified carbon content (e.g., C45) common in toolmaking.Cementation : Historic method of making steel by diffusing carbon into wrought iron.Stainless Steel : Corrosion-resistant steel with high chromium content – e.g., knives or tools.CNC Forging : Computer-controlled forging techniques offering high precision.Crucible Steel : Very pure steel made in crucibles (historic “Wootz”).Cyaniding : Case hardening in a cyanide salt bath, adding nitrogen and carbon to the surface.
D
Damascus Steel : Layered steel of different alloys with decorative patterns and superior edges.Double Forging : Two successive forging operations to improve material homogeneity.Mandrel : Solid tool for enlarging or shaping holes in the workpiece.Wire Drawing : Pulling metal through a die to reduce diameter and produce wire.Pneumatic Tools : Tools powered by compressed air – e.g., air hammers.Ductility : Ability of a material to plastically deform without breaking – key to forgeability.Punch : Tool for piercing hot metal by hammer blows.
E
Residual Stress : Internal stresses created by deformation or heat treatment.Notching : Intentional groove or cut to localise bending or splitting.Iron : Base metal of blacksmithing – raw material for steel.Iron-Carbon Diagram : Phase diagram of iron alloys – foundation for heat treatment.Hot-cut Chisel : Forging tool for cutting or notching hot workpieces.Enamelling : Applying a glassy coating for protection or decoration.Forge Hearth : Smith’s fire, traditionally coal, now often gas or induction.Eutectic : Alloy composition with the lowest melting point – important in casting.
F
Chamfering : Bevelling edges in preparation for welding or as a design element.Spring Hammer : Mechanical hammer driven by a leaf-spring arm – rhythmic blows.Filing : Chip-cutting process for fine shaping surfaces.Finishing : Final steps to refine dimensions or surface – filing, grinding, polishing.Forge Welding : Joining metals at welding heat with hammer blows, no filler required.Rectangular Peen : Square-section horn of an anvil for crisp corners and bending.Flat Chisel : Shearing tool to cut hot metal by wedge action.Flame Straightening : Aligning workpieces by localised heating with an oxy-fuel torch.Impression-Die Forging : Forming metal in shaped dies for series production.
G
Gas Carburizing : Surface hardening using carbon-rich gases at high temperature.Microstructure : Internal structure of metals on microscopic scale – governs properties.Die : Upper and lower forging tools shaping complex parts.Crystal Lattice : Atomic arrangement in metal – key to behaviour.Annealing : Heat treatment to relieve stress, refine structure, or soften metal.Flash : Excess material squeezed out during forging, removed later.Engraving : Cutting decorative grooves and patterns into metal surfaces.
H
Holding Fixture : Device to position workpieces securely during forging.Hammer : Primary striking tool in many variants (cross-peen, sledge, rounding).Hammered Texture : Visible hammer marks – hallmark of hand-forged items.Hardenability : Capability of steel to harden through its thickness.Hardness Testing : Methods determining hardness – Brinell (HB), Vickers (HV), Rockwell (HRC).Hardness Gradient : Change in hardness across the section of a quenched piece.Hearth (Old) : Historical term for the forge fire.Farrier : Specialist shoeing and caring for horses’ hooves.Hydraulic Hammer : Large industrial forging hammer powered hydraulically.
I
J
Yoke Clamp : Device to hold dies or workpieces aligned in forging equipment.Adjusting Hammer : Light hammer used for fine tuning during finishing.
K
Cold Forging : Deforming metal below recrystallisation temperature – higher strength, limited formability.Tilt Hammer : Historic power hammer driven by cams and gears.Blade : Cutting part of a forged tool or weapon.Coal Forge : Traditional solid-fuel forge hearth.Carbon Monoxide : Combustion gas in the forge – reacts with oxygen, reduces oxides.Carbon Content : Determines hardness, hardenability and machinability of steel.Grain Coarsening : Undesirable grain growth from overheating – lowers strength.Artistic Blacksmith : Craftsperson creating decorative and architectural ironwork.
L
Bearing Bush : Cylindrical component guiding rotating shafts – often forged.Alloy : Metal mixture (e.g., steel with chromium, nickel) enhancing properties.Air Hammer : Pneumatic forging hammer – precise, powerful and compact.Shrinkage Cavity : Internal void from insufficient forging or casting.Ultrasonic Void Test : Method detecting internal cavities by ultrasound.Air-Hardening Steel : Steels that harden simply by air cooling after austenitising.
M
Martensite : Extremely hard steel phase formed by rapid quench – base of hardening.Machine Forging : Forging process using powered equipment for uniform results.Dimensional Accuracy : Precision of forged parts – crucial for assemblies.Multi-phase Microstructure : Combination of several phases influencing metal properties.Knife Blade : Classic product of artisan smiths – often Damascus or carbon steel.Microstructure : Fine structure of metal revealed under microscope – ferrite, pearlite, martensite etc.Mock-up Forging : Low-cost material model to plan complex forgings.
N
Re-Upsetting : Secondary upsetting to densify or shorten after initial forging.Wet Grinding : Grinding with coolant to avoid overheating and retain structure.Riveting : Permanent joining by deforming rivet shanks.Rivet Head : Formed end of a rivet ensuring a tight joint.Nitriding : Diffusing nitrogen into steel surface for hard case without quench.Normalizing : Heat treatment to homogenise structure and relieve stresses.
O
Surface Hardening : Strengthening the surface by plastic deformation (peening).Furnace Steel : Heat-resistant steel for ovens or forge components.Furnace Forging : Heating in closed furnaces instead of open hearths – uniform temperature.Oxidation : Reaction of metal with oxygen – produces scale.Scale : Thin oxide layer on heated metal requiring removal (wire-brush, sand-blasting).
P
Pearlite : Lamellar ferrite-cementite structure common in unhardened steel.Stippling : Punching fine lines or textures – e.g., handle grip.Polishing : Creating a high-gloss surface by successive abrasives.Press Forging : Slow, controlled pressure forming – for precise shapes.Powder Metallurgy : Producing parts from metal powders by sintering – alternate manufacturing method.Punch (Stamp) : Striking tool for surface decoration or identification marks.
Q
R
Case Hardening : Hardening only the surface layer – e.g., by induction.Drawing-out : Lengthening workpiece by longitudinal hammering – becomes thinner.Straightening Bench : Fixture for trueing warped forged parts.Rust : Iron oxide formed by water and oxygen – undesirable.Round-nose Chisel : Tool with curved edge for grooves or separating material.
S
T
Temperature Control : Managing temperature during forging or heat treatment – critical for quality.Crucible : Vessel for melting small metal quantities – e.g., crucible steel.Torsion Forging : Forging with deliberate twisting – decorative patterns in railings etc.Twisted Rod : Workpiece twisted for visual effect – common in ornamental ironwork.
U
V
Quench-and-Temper : Heat treatment combining hardening and subsequent tempering – improves toughness.Composite Forging : Combining different metals or steels by forging – e.g., Damascus.Warping : Undesired shape change from stresses or poor temperature control.Sledgehammer : Heavy long-handled hammer for heavy forging blows.
W
Hot Forming : Forging above recrystallisation temperature – lower forces required.Heat Treatment : Processes that change mechanical properties by controlled heating and cooling.Materials Science : Study of structure, properties and behaviour of materials – core to blacksmithing.Work-piece Cutting : Controlled separation of stock – e.g., with hot-cut or flat chisel.
Z
Tongs : Tool for safely gripping hot work – flat, round, universal styles.Tong Eye : Joint opening in tongs for pivot pin – allows articulation.Chasing : Fine surface work with punches and chisels – common in decorative smithing.Mill Scale : Oxide product on hot metal – must be removed (wire-brush, sand-blast).Scale-Removal Hammer : Heavy hammer used to knock scale off forged surfaces.
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