English: The ladder of inference is metaphorical model, created by Chris Argyris (1923–2013), of how people take action based on an often unconscious process of inference from the flux or pool of observable "data". Argyris's original ladder had fewer rungs with different names. The names of the rungs of the ladder used here are the same as those found in, e.g.: Ross, Rick (1994). "The ladder of inference". In: Senge, Peter M.; Kleiner, Art; Roberts, Charlotte; Ross, Rick; & Smith, Bryan (eds.), The fifth discipline fieldbook: strategies and tools for building a learning organization (pp. 242–246). New York: Currency/Doubleday. ISBN 0385472560