Zum Inhalt springen

Aging: Unterschied zwischen den Versionen

Aus MOOCsWiki Staging
← Zum vorherigen Versionsunterschied

Glanz (Diskussion | Beiträge)

2 Benutzergruppen
23.873 Bearbeitungen
Aging daily 9d3dc6b6ab424facafd8602ef0da0575 90dd095da6be
Aging daily 286609ebd48d4bca9de61efeae9935d4 90dd095da6be
 
Zeile 1: Zeile 1:
__NOTOC__
__NOTOC__
<div class="aging-research-world" lang="en" style="max-width:1100px;margin:0 auto;overflow-wrap:anywhere;">
<div class="aging-research-world aging-journal" lang="en">
<div class="aging-topbar"><span>Research world · Aging / Altern</span><div class="aging-languages" role="navigation" aria-label="Sprache / Language"><span class="aging-language" title="Deutsch">[[Altern|🇩🇪]]</span><span class="aging-language" title="English">[[Aging|🇬🇧]]</span></div></div>
<div class="aj-masthead"><div class="aj-brand"><span class="aj-monogram">[[Aging|a.]]</span><span>[[Aging|AGING]]<small>RESEARCH IN PROGRESS</small></span></div><div class="aging-languages" role="navigation" aria-label="Sprache / Language"><span class="aging-language" title="Deutsch">[[Altern|🇩🇪]]</span><span class="aging-language" title="English">[[Aging|🇬🇧]]</span></div></div>
 
<div class="aj-context"><strong>An evolving AI research project</strong>[[Aging/About the project|Background · goals · methods]]<span>Updated 28 Sep 2026</span></div>
<div class="aging-hero"><div class="aging-hero-copy"><div class="aging-kicker">Regeneration · Brain · Function</div>
<h1>Aging — an evolving AI research project</h1>
<h2>Clear harmful proteins. Preserve working synapses?</h2>
<div class="aj-deck">Which biological mechanisms can demonstrably slow or partly reverse age-related functional decline in humans?</div>
<div class="aging-lead">We assess TIMP2 as a candidate for selective protein clearance: less harmful cargo, preserved synapses, better function. A decisive experiment must determine whether it works.</div>
<div class="aj-feature"><div class="aj-feature-copy"><div class="aj-section-label">The leading question · AG-T01 · 🔵 Level 2</div><h2>Clear harmful proteins. Preserve working synapses?</h2><p>We connect published studies of TIMP2, microglia and protein turnover. We seek a mechanism that clears harmful cargo while preserving neuronal function. This connection remains an unconfirmed working hypothesis.</p><div class="aj-readmore">[[Aging/Research reports/2026-09-28/Deep dive|Read the evidence and counterarguments →]]</div></div><div class="aj-feature-media">[[File:Axolotl Portrait.jpg|520px|frameless|link=Aging/Axolotl & regeneration|alt=Photographic portrait of an axolotl.]]<div class="aj-meta">The axolotl as a model for regeneration. Not evidence of human rejuvenation.</div></div></div>
<div class="aging-actions"><span class="aging-button">[[Aging/Research reports/2026-09-28/Deep dive|Explore the findings →]]</span><span class="aging-button aging-button-secondary">[[Aging/Research colloquium|For leading experts]]</span></div></div>
<div class="aj-section-label">Three findings that move the question forward</div><div class="aj-insight-row"><div class="aj-insight"><div class="aj-meta">Mouse; genetic interventions and TIMP2 administration</div><h3>TIMP2 changes how microglia handle cargo</h3><p>TIMP2 affected microglial states and cargo processing in mice. The study also includes a myelin clearance assay following genetic deletion.</p><div class="aj-meta">Selective removal of harmful synaptic cargo as a cause of functional recovery remains unresolved.<br />[https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-026-74906-z Hemmer, Philippi et al. · 12 Aug 2026]</div></div><div class="aj-insight"><div class="aj-meta">Mouse; neuron-specific protein labeling</div><h3>Protein stock does not establish degradation flux</h3><p>Neuronal labeling tracks slowly degraded proteins into microglia. For our model, the key issue is that increased stored cargo can have different causes.</p><div class="aj-meta">Uptake, degradation and export require separate measurement; this is our methodological inference.<br />[https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09987-9 Guldner et al. · 21 Jan 2026]</div></div><div class="aj-insight"><div class="aj-meta">C57BL/6 and SAMP8 mice</div><h3>Better markers do not establish memory recovery</h3><p>Urolithin A improved molecular measurements in aged C57BL/6 mice without demonstrating recovery in the memory tests examined.</p><div class="aj-meta">Early/late comparisons also differ by mouse strain. They establish neither a universal timing window nor proven absence of an effect.<br />[https://www.nature.com/articles/s41514-026-00351-3 Jara et al. · 5 Mar 2026]</div></div></div><div class="aj-spotlight"><div class="aj-panel"><div class="aj-section-label">The living evidence list</div><h3>[[Aging/Approaches to aging|What counteracts age-related functional decline?]]</h3><p>Ten entries distinguish human functional outcomes, preclinical candidates and hypotheses. LIFE, FINGER and US POINTER provide human benchmarks, without establishing a solution to biological aging.</p>[[Aging/Approaches to aging|Explore the list →]]</div><div class="aj-panel"><div class="aj-section-label">From findings to better models</div><h3>[[Aging/Evidence chain|A traceable chain of evidence]]</h3><p>Each new study should strengthen, constrain or change a specific claim. Independent evidence routes, counterevidence and missing links remain visible. This project conducts no experiments.</p>[[Aging/Evidence chain|Follow the argument →]]</div></div>
<div class="aging-hero-media">
<div class="aj-expert"><div class="aj-section-label">For professors & leading experts</div><h2>[[Aging/Research colloquium|The research colloquium grows with the project.]]</h2><p>16 foundation assignments and 4 new deep dives: challenge causal models, critically read published data and connect conflicting studies. Substantive new findings become dated addition packages with their own Wish-List entries.</p><div class="aj-expert-links">[[English:Learning package: Aging – Research Colloquium for Leading Experts|Foundation package · 16 assignments →]][[English:Learning package: Aging – Professors Research Colloquium – Supplement 2026-09-28|28 Sep 2026 update: 4 research assignments →]][https://en.moocwiki.org/index.php?title=Special:Wishlist&focus=1576 New courses on the Wish List →]</div></div><div class="aj-section-title"><h2>Explore the research journal</h2></div><div class="aj-tiles"><div class="aj-tile"><div class="aj-thumb">[[File:Axolotl Portrait.jpg|120px|frameless|link=Aging/Axolotl & regeneration|alt=Photographic portrait of an axolotl.]]</div><div><div class="aj-tile-title">[[Aging/Axolotl & regeneration|Axolotl &amp; regeneration]]</div><div class="aj-tile-desc">Tissues · organs · nervous system</div></div></div><div class="aj-tile"><div class="aj-thumb">[[File:XBio illustration – Neuron.png|120px|frameless|link=Aging/Brain & proteins|alt=Schematic illustration of a neuron with its parts labeled.]]</div><div><div class="aj-tile-title">[[Aging/Brain & proteins|Brain &amp; proteins]]</div><div class="aj-tile-desc">Proteostasis · synapses · function</div></div></div><div class="aj-tile"><div class="aj-thumb">[[File:DNA double helix.svg|120px|frameless|link=Aging/Mechanisms of aging|alt=Schematic illustration of a DNA double helix.]]</div><div><div class="aj-tile-title">[[Aging/Mechanisms of aging|Mechanisms of aging]]</div><div class="aj-tile-desc">Causes and interactions</div></div></div><div class="aj-tile"><div class="aj-thumb">[[File:Bovine Pulmonary Artery Endothelial Cells Fluorescent Image.jpg|120px|frameless|link=Aging/Current research|alt=Fluorescence micrograph of bovine endothelial cells with labeled nuclei, actin and mitochondria.]]</div><div><div class="aj-tile-title">[[Aging/Current research|Current research]]</div><div class="aj-tile-desc">Findings that change the next question</div></div></div><div class="aj-tile"><div class="aj-thumb aj-type-thumb">[[Aging/Daily research reports|01]]</div><div><div class="aj-tile-title">[[Aging/Daily research reports|Daily research reports]]</div><div class="aj-tile-desc">Findings, sources and new inferences</div></div></div><div class="aj-tile"><div class="aj-thumb aj-type-thumb">[[Aging/Research insights|→]]</div><div><div class="aj-tile-title">[[Aging/Research insights|Research insights]]</div><div class="aj-tile-desc">Critically explore connections</div></div></div><div class="aj-tile"><div class="aj-thumb">[[File:Bovine Pulmonary Artery Endothelial Cells Fluorescent Image.jpg|120px|frameless|link=Aging/Drugs & interventions|alt=Fluorescence micrograph of bovine endothelial cells with labeled nuclei, actin and mitochondria.]]</div><div><div class="aj-tile-title">[[Aging/Drugs & interventions|Drugs &amp; interventions]]</div><div class="aj-tile-desc">Effects, limitations and evidence</div></div></div><div class="aj-tile"><div class="aj-thumb">[[File:DNA double helix.svg|120px|frameless|link=Aging/Biotechnology|alt=Schematic illustration of a DNA double helix.]]</div><div><div class="aj-tile-title">[[Aging/Biotechnology|Biotechnology]]</div><div class="aj-tile-desc">Tools for causal understanding</div></div></div><div class="aj-tile"><div class="aj-thumb aj-type-thumb">[[Aging/Open research questions|?]]</div><div><div class="aj-tile-title">[[Aging/Open research questions|Open research questions]]</div><div class="aj-tile-desc">The decisive knowledge gaps</div></div></div><div class="aj-tile"><div class="aj-thumb aj-type-thumb">[[Aging/Hypotheses|H]]</div><div><div class="aj-tile-title">[[Aging/Hypotheses|Hypotheses]]</div><div class="aj-tile-desc">Proposals with falsification criteria</div></div></div><div class="aj-tile"><div class="aj-thumb aj-type-thumb">[[Aging/Study register|22]]</div><div><div class="aj-tile-title">[[Aging/Study register|Study register]]</div><div class="aj-tile-desc">Primary studies and evidence</div></div></div><div class="aj-tile"><div class="aj-thumb aj-type-thumb">[[Aging/Risks and conflicting results|±]]</div><div><div class="aj-tile-title">[[Aging/Risks and conflicting results|Risks and conflicting results]]</div><div class="aj-tile-desc">Explicitly assess counterevidence</div></div></div><div class="aj-tile"><div class="aj-thumb">[[File:XBio illustration – Neuron.png|120px|frameless|link=Aging/Foundations for school|alt=Schematic illustration of a neuron with its parts labeled.]]</div><div><div class="aj-tile-title">[[Aging/Foundations for school|Foundations for school]]</div><div class="aj-tile-desc">An accessible entry into biology</div></div></div><div class="aj-tile"><div class="aj-thumb">[[File:DNA double helix.svg|120px|frameless|link=Aging/University and research|alt=Schematic illustration of a DNA double helix.]]</div><div><div class="aj-tile-title">[[Aging/University and research|University and research]]</div><div class="aj-tile-desc">Models, methods and translation</div></div></div></div><div class="aging-status"><b>Project status · Read significance and evidence separately</b><div class="aging-levels"><span class="aging-level aging-level-active">⚪ 1 · Scientifically grounded</span><span class="aging-level aging-level-active">🔵 2 · Insight / strong hypothesis</span><span class="aging-level">🟢 3 · Breakthrough in a subproblem</span><span class="aging-level">🟣 4 · Major research breakthrough</span><span class="aging-level">🟡 5 · Potential fundamental discovery</span></div>Currently levels 1 and 2. Levels 3–5 have not been reached; no rating replaces independent scientific confirmation. [[Aging/Research status|All criteria →]]</div>
[[File:Axolotl Portrait.jpg|500px|frameless|center|alt=Photographic portrait of an axolotl.]]
<div class="aging-credit">Axolotl: a model organism for regeneration research. This portrait provides context; it does not show an experimental result. · LoKiLeCh · [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ CC BY-SA 3.0 Unported] · [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Axolotl_Portrait.jpg Commons]</div>
</div></div>
 
== Three findings that sharpen the next question ==
 
<div class="aging-insights">
<div class="aging-insight"><span class="aging-tag">Mouse; genetic interventions and TIMP2 administration</span><h3>TIMP2 changes how microglia handle cargo</h3><p>TIMP2 affected microglial states and cargo processing in mice. The study also includes a myelin clearance assay following genetic deletion.</p><div class="aging-limit">Selective removal of harmful synaptic cargo as a cause of functional recovery remains unresolved.<br />[https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-026-74906-z Hemmer, Philippi et al. · 12 Aug 2026]</div></div>
<div class="aging-insight"><span class="aging-tag">Mouse; neuron-specific protein labeling</span><h3>Protein stock does not establish degradation flux</h3><p>Neuronal labeling tracks slowly degraded proteins into microglia. For our model, the key issue is that increased stored cargo can have different causes.</p><div class="aging-limit">Uptake, degradation and export require separate measurement; this is our methodological inference.<br />[https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09987-9 Guldner et al. · 21 Jan 2026]</div></div>
<div class="aging-insight"><span class="aging-tag">C57BL/6 and SAMP8 mice</span><h3>Better markers do not establish memory recovery</h3><p>Urolithin A improved molecular measurements in aged C57BL/6 mice without demonstrating recovery in the memory tests examined.</p><div class="aging-limit">Early/late comparisons also differ by mouse strain. They establish neither a universal timing window nor proven absence of an effect.<br />[https://www.nature.com/articles/s41514-026-00351-3 Jara et al. · 5 Mar 2026]</div></div>
</div>
 
<div class="aging-target"><div class="aging-kicker">The next testable objective</div><h2>AG-T01: Improve degradation and protect functional synapses</h2><p>Test whether TIMP2 improves neuronal function in the aged hippocampus through microglial degradation of harmful cargo. Success requires all three: demonstrated degradation, preserved functional synapses and better plasticity. This is a testable project proposal, not a confirmed therapy.</p>
<div class="aging-path"><div class="aging-step"><b>01 · Mechanism</b>Which cause can actually be changed?</div><div class="aging-step"><b>02 · Challenge</b>What finding would refute the model?</div><div class="aging-step"><b>03 · Function</b>Is measurable performance preserved?</div><div class="aging-step"><b>04 · Translation</b>Is the benefit durable and safe?</div></div>
 
[[Aging/Research reports/2026-09-28/Deep dive|Read the balance model and decisive test →]]
</div>
<div class="aging-status"><b>Where does the project stand?</b><div class="aging-levels"><span class="aging-level aging-level-active">⚪ 1 · Literature</span><span class="aging-level aging-level-active">🔵 2 · Testable synthesis</span><span class="aging-level">🟢 3 · Partial result</span><span class="aging-level">🟣 4 · Breakthrough</span><span class="aging-level">🟡 5 · Discovery</span></div>Currently assigned: levels 1 and 2. Levels 3–5 have not been reached. Project significance and evidence are separate; a strong hypothesis remains untested. [[Aging/Research status|Understand the levels →]]</div>
 
== Two perspectives on regeneration ==
<div class="aging-grid"><div class="aging-media-card">
[[File:XBio illustration – Neuron.png|430px|frameless|center|alt=Schematic illustration of a neuron with its parts labeled.]]
<div class="aging-credit">A neuron diagram provides orientation for research on proteins and cell function. It is neither a micrograph nor a comparison of young and old cells. · explorebiology (Explore Biology) · [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ CC BY 4.0 International] · [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:XBio_illustration_%E2%80%93_Neuron.png Commons]</div>
</div><div class="aging-media-card"><h3>From cells to lasting function</h3>
The axolotl shows that complex regeneration is biologically possible. In the aging brain, we ask which processes might preserve or restore function. The neuron illustration explains structure; it is not an image produced by this project.
 
[[Aging/Axolotl & regeneration|Axolotl & regeneration →]]
 
[[Aging/Brain & proteins|Brain & proteins →]]
</div></div>
 
== Researchers explain the foundations ==
== Researchers explain the foundations ==
Institutional talks for context. These older videos are background material; current claims rely on the linked primary studies.
Institutional talks for context. These older videos are background material; current claims rely on the linked primary studies.
Zeile 50: Zeile 19:
</div>
</div>


== Go deeper ==
<ul class="aging-topic-list">
<li>[[Aging/Axolotl & regeneration|Axolotl & regeneration]]</li>
<li>[[Aging/Brain & proteins|Brain & proteins]]</li>
<li>[[Aging/Mechanisms of aging|Mechanisms of aging]]</li>
<li>[[Aging/Current research|Current research]]</li>
<li>[[Aging/Daily research reports|Daily research reports]]</li>
<li>[[Aging/Research insights|Research insights]]</li>
<li>[[Aging/Drugs & interventions|Drugs & interventions]]</li>
<li>[[Aging/Biotechnology|Biotechnology]]</li>
<li>[[Aging/Open research questions|Open research questions]]</li>
<li>[[Aging/Hypotheses|Hypotheses]]</li>
<li>[[Aging/Study register|Study register]]</li>
<li>[[Aging/Risks and conflicting results|Risks and conflicting results]]</li>
<li>[[Aging/Foundations for school|Foundations for school]]</li>
<li>[[Aging/University and research|University and research]]</li>
</ul>
<div class="aging-methods"><b>Sources & methods</b><br />19 selected primary studies in the register, including explicitly marked preprints. The current deep dive considers new literature from August 2026. This is a targeted, non-exhaustive search. Observations, hypotheses and proposed models remain distinct. [[Aging/Study register|Study register →]]</div>


<div class="aging-methods">Aging / Altern research world · Updated 2026-09-28 · Research, not personal treatment advice.</div>
<div class="aging-methods">22 selected primary studies, including one labeled preprint. Targeted, non-exhaustive research. Findings, inferences and open hypotheses remain distinct. [[Aging/Study register|Study register →]]</div><div class="aj-footer"><div class="aj-brand"><span class="aj-monogram">[[Aging|a.]]</span><span>[[Aging|AGING]]<small>RESEARCH IN PROGRESS</small></span></div><div class="aj-context">[[Aging|Project overview]][[Aging/About the project|Goals & methods]][[Aging/Evidence chain|Evidence chain]]</div><div class="aj-meta">AI-assisted literature research and model building. No laboratory or clinical studies conducted by this project. No personal treatment plans.</div><div class="aj-credits">Image credits · Illustrations, not project data: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Axolotl_Portrait.jpg Axolotl] — LoKiLeCh ([https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ CC BY-SA 3.0]) · [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:XBio_illustration_%E2%80%93_Neuron.png Neuron] — explorebiology (Explore Biology) ([https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ CC BY 4.0]) · [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:DNA_double_helix.svg DNA] — Biochemlife ([https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ CC BY-SA 4.0]) · [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bovine_Pulmonary_Artery_Endothelial_Cells_Fluorescent_Image.jpg Bovine endothelial cells] — Erin Rod ([https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ CC BY 4.0])</div></div>
</div>
</div>
[[Category:Altern / Aging]]
[[Category:Altern / Aging]]

Aktuelle Version vom 28. September 2026, 23:29 Uhr

a.AGINGRESEARCH IN PROGRESS
An evolving AI research projectBackground · goals · methodsUpdated 28 Sep 2026

Aging — an evolving AI research project

Which biological mechanisms can demonstrably slow or partly reverse age-related functional decline in humans?
The leading question · AG-T01 · 🔵 Level 2

Clear harmful proteins. Preserve working synapses?

We connect published studies of TIMP2, microglia and protein turnover. We seek a mechanism that clears harmful cargo while preserving neuronal function. This connection remains an unconfirmed working hypothesis.

Read the evidence and counterarguments →
Photographic portrait of an axolotl.
The axolotl as a model for regeneration. Not evidence of human rejuvenation.
Three findings that move the question forward
Mouse; genetic interventions and TIMP2 administration

TIMP2 changes how microglia handle cargo

TIMP2 affected microglial states and cargo processing in mice. The study also includes a myelin clearance assay following genetic deletion.

Selective removal of harmful synaptic cargo as a cause of functional recovery remains unresolved.
Hemmer, Philippi et al. · 12 Aug 2026
Mouse; neuron-specific protein labeling

Protein stock does not establish degradation flux

Neuronal labeling tracks slowly degraded proteins into microglia. For our model, the key issue is that increased stored cargo can have different causes.

Uptake, degradation and export require separate measurement; this is our methodological inference.
Guldner et al. · 21 Jan 2026
C57BL/6 and SAMP8 mice

Better markers do not establish memory recovery

Urolithin A improved molecular measurements in aged C57BL/6 mice without demonstrating recovery in the memory tests examined.

Early/late comparisons also differ by mouse strain. They establish neither a universal timing window nor proven absence of an effect.
Jara et al. · 5 Mar 2026
The living evidence list

Ten entries distinguish human functional outcomes, preclinical candidates and hypotheses. LIFE, FINGER and US POINTER provide human benchmarks, without establishing a solution to biological aging.

Explore the list →
From findings to better models

A traceable chain of evidence

Each new study should strengthen, constrain or change a specific claim. Independent evidence routes, counterevidence and missing links remain visible. This project conducts no experiments.

Follow the argument →
For professors & leading experts

The research colloquium grows with the project.

16 foundation assignments and 4 new deep dives: challenge causal models, critically read published data and connect conflicting studies. Substantive new findings become dated addition packages with their own Wish-List entries.

Foundation package · 16 assignments →28 Sep 2026 update: 4 research assignments →New courses on the Wish List →

Explore the research journal

Photographic portrait of an axolotl.
Axolotl & regeneration
Tissues · organs · nervous system
Schematic illustration of a neuron with its parts labeled.
Brain & proteins
Proteostasis · synapses · function
Schematic illustration of a DNA double helix.
Mechanisms of aging
Causes and interactions
Fluorescence micrograph of bovine endothelial cells with labeled nuclei, actin and mitochondria.
Current research
Findings that change the next question
01
Daily research reports
Findings, sources and new inferences
→
Research insights
Critically explore connections
Fluorescence micrograph of bovine endothelial cells with labeled nuclei, actin and mitochondria.
Drugs & interventions
Effects, limitations and evidence
Schematic illustration of a DNA double helix.
Biotechnology
Tools for causal understanding
?
Open research questions
The decisive knowledge gaps
H
Hypotheses
Proposals with falsification criteria
22
Study register
Primary studies and evidence
±
Risks and conflicting results
Explicitly assess counterevidence
Schematic illustration of a neuron with its parts labeled.
Foundations for school
An accessible entry into biology
Schematic illustration of a DNA double helix.
University and research
Models, methods and translation
Project status · Read significance and evidence separately
⚪ 1 · Scientifically grounded🔵 2 · Insight / strong hypothesis🟢 3 · Breakthrough in a subproblem🟣 4 · Major research breakthrough🟡 5 · Potential fundamental discovery
Currently levels 1 and 2. Levels 3–5 have not been reached; no rating replaces independent scientific confirmation. All criteria →

Researchers explain the foundations

Institutional talks for context. These older videos are background material; current claims rely on the linked primary studies.

Axolotl regeneration

Video laden
YouTube
Science Communication Lab · 2018-02 (recorded) · Elly Tanaka examines the experimental questions behind axolotl regeneration. Recorded in 2018; English, 27:57. Use it as methodological background and compare it with the world's current studies.
YouTube

Brain aging in its systemic context

Video laden
YouTube
Stanford · 2016-11-10 · Tony Wyss-Coray discusses systemic influences on the aging brain. Stanford lecture, published November 10, 2016; English. Historical research background; results in old mice do not establish efficacy in humans.
YouTube


22 selected primary studies, including one labeled preprint. Targeted, non-exhaustive research. Findings, inferences and open hypotheses remain distinct. Study register →
a.AGINGRESEARCH IN PROGRESS
Project overviewGoals & methodsEvidence chain
AI-assisted literature research and model building. No laboratory or clinical studies conducted by this project. No personal treatment plans.
Image credits · Illustrations, not project data: Axolotl — LoKiLeCh (CC BY-SA 3.0) · Neuron — explorebiology (Explore Biology) (CC BY 4.0) · DNA — Biochemlife (CC BY-SA 4.0) · Bovine endothelial cells — Erin Rod (CC BY 4.0)
Abgerufen von „https://staging.moocwiki.org/index.php?title=Aging&oldid=59869“