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[[Category:English]]
[[Category:Technical Drawing]]

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= Introduction =

'''Technical drawing''' is a precise visual language used to communicate how an object, component, assembly, building element, or system should be made, checked, installed, or maintained. In vocational work, a clear drawing can connect the designer, planner, machinist, fabricator, installer, inspector, and service technician. You need more than neat lines: you need to understand conventions, projection methods, dimensions, tolerances, scales, symbols, notes, and revision information.

This aiMOOC is designed for '''apprentices, trainees, and vocational students'''. It combines manual drawing skills with the reading of computer-generated drawings. You will learn to interpret technical information, create clear views, check your work, and transfer drawing information to practical workshop tasks.

[[File:Drafting board with T square and drawingtools.jpg|500px|frameless|center]]

A traditional drawing board, T-square, triangles, compasses, dividers, pencils, and scale rules are still useful for learning the geometry behind technical drawing. In modern workplaces, [[English:Computer-aided design|CAD]] software performs much of the construction work, but the drawing conventions remain essential because the finished drawing must still be read correctly by people in production and inspection.

{{#ev:youtube|https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fvjk7PlxAuo|500|center}}

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= Why Technical Drawing Matters in Vocational Work =

A technical drawing is a controlled form of communication. A useful drawing should help another trained person understand the intended geometry without having to guess. Depending on the trade, the drawing may communicate overall shape, hole locations, diameters, lengths, angles, material, surface requirements, assembly relationships, tolerances, welding information, or installation details.

You may meet technical drawings in [[English:Mechanical engineering|mechanical engineering]], [[English:Manufacturing|manufacturing]], [[English:Metalworking|metalworking]], [[English:Construction|construction]], maintenance, mechatronics, CNC production, toolmaking, fabrication, and many other technical occupations. The exact symbols and standards can vary between industries and countries, so you should always check the title block, notes, company rules, and applicable standard before starting work.

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== From Design to Workshop ==

A typical workflow moves from an idea or requirement to a model or drawing, then to production, inspection, assembly, and maintenance. The drawing acts as a shared reference. If the drawing is incomplete or read incorrectly, errors can lead to wasted material, rework, unsafe assemblies, or parts that do not fit.

As a learner, develop the habit of asking: '''What does the drawing state? What is assumed? Which information controls the work?''' Never replace a stated dimension with a value measured from the printed page unless the drawing explicitly requires that method.

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= Drawing Instruments and Basic Construction =

Manual drawing teaches accuracy, visualisation, and geometric construction. Common tools include a drawing board, T-square or parallel rule, set squares, compass, divider, protractor, pencils of suitable hardness, eraser, templates, and scale rule. Use tools carefully so that construction lines stay light and final lines remain clear.

[[File:Set square 90 60 30 deg.svg|400px|frameless|center]]

A 30-60-90 set square helps you construct common angles and parallel or perpendicular lines when combined with a straightedge.

{{#ev:youtube|https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dmt6_n7Sgcg|500|center}}

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== Freehand Sketching ==

Freehand technical sketching is valuable even in CAD-based workplaces. You can use it to record a site condition, explain a repair, communicate a design idea, or plan a drawing before entering exact geometry. A good technical sketch does not need artistic shading, but it should show proportion, view direction, key features, and important dimensions clearly.

'''Practice principle:''' look for simple shapes inside complex objects. Break a component into boxes, cylinders, prisms, holes, slots, and fillets. Then add the details that affect function or manufacture.

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= Standards and Drawing Conventions =

Technical drawings depend on agreed conventions. International standards help different people interpret the same information consistently. Current ISO references include [https://www.iso.org/standard/65296.html ISO 128-1:2020] for fundamental representation requirements, [https://www.iso.org/standard/83355.html ISO 128-2:2022] for basic line conventions, [https://www.iso.org/standard/64007.html ISO 129-1:2018] for the presentation of dimensions and tolerances, [https://www.iso.org/standard/11500.html ISO 5455:1979] for scales, and [https://www.iso.org/standard/29017.html ISO 5457:1999] for drawing-sheet sizes and layout.

Standards are not a substitute for reading the drawing. A company, customer, national system, or trade may specify additional rules. In some workplaces you may also encounter ASME or other national standards. Always use the standard named for the job.

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== Line Types ==

Different line patterns communicate different meanings. The exact line designations are governed by the applicable drawing standard, but the following ideas are common in technical practice:

# [[English:Visible line|Visible line]]: A strong continuous line normally shows visible outlines and edges.
# [[English:Hidden line|Hidden line]]: A dashed line can show an edge or feature that is not directly visible in the view.
# [[English:Centre line|Centre line]]: A thin chain-type line identifies axes, centres, and symmetrical features.
# [[English:Dimension line|Dimension line]]: A thin line with terminators supports a numerical dimension.
# [[English:Extension line|Extension line]]: A thin line extends from the feature to show the limits of a dimension.
# [[English:Cutting-plane line|Cutting-plane line]]: A distinctive line indicates where a section is taken and the direction of viewing.

[[File:Mech draw 1.svg|500px|frameless|center]]

This engineering drawing illustrates several line types and a sectional view. When you read a real drawing, rely on the applicable standard and drawing legend rather than on colour, because production drawings are often printed in monochrome.

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= Projection: Turning 3D Objects into 2D Views =

[[English:Orthographic projection|Orthographic projection]] represents a three-dimensional object through two-dimensional views taken perpendicular to projection planes. A set of views can show the shape more accurately for manufacturing than a single pictorial view.

[[File:OrthographicProjection.svg|500px|frameless|center]]

Typical multiview drawings use front, top, and side views. Choose views that reveal the important geometry with the fewest unnecessary hidden lines. Features in corresponding views must align correctly.

[[File:MacDraft orthographic drawing.jpg|500px|frameless|center]]

{{#ev:youtube|https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3WXPanCq9LI|500|center}}

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== First-Angle and Third-Angle Projection ==

Two common orthographic arrangements are '''first-angle projection''' and '''third-angle projection'''. They place views differently, so confusing them can reverse the meaning of a drawing.

In first-angle projection, the object is conceptually between the observer and the projection plane. The top view is typically placed below the front view, and the right-side view is placed to the left of the front view.

[[File:First angle projection symbol.svg|350px|frameless|center]]

In third-angle projection, the projection plane is conceptually between the observer and the object. The top view is typically placed above the front view, and the right-side view is placed to the right.

[[File:Third angle projection symbol.svg|350px|frameless|center]]

'''Workplace rule:''' do not guess the projection method from habit. Check the projection symbol or the stated drawing standard.

{{#ev:youtube|https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fBpYGBCz88s|500|center}}

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== Isometric Drawing ==

An [[English:Isometric projection|isometric]] view gives a pictorial impression of three-dimensional form. The three main axes are equally spaced at 120 degrees. Isometric views are useful for visualisation, assembly instructions, piping layouts, and communication with people who may find orthographic views difficult to imagine.

[[File:Perspective isometrique exemple piece revolution.svg|500px|frameless|center]]

In strict isometric projection, lengths are foreshortened. In everyday engineering practice, the term '''isometric drawing''' often refers to a related construction in which true lengths are set along the isometric axes. Follow the convention required by your course or workplace.

{{#ev:youtube|https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IT2_c6jQrz4|500|center}}

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= Sections and Interior Features =

A [[English:Section view|sectional view]] shows internal details by imagining that the object has been cut by a plane. The cutting-plane indication tells you where the cut is made, and hatching or section lining identifies material surfaces exposed by the cut.

Sections reduce the need for many hidden lines and can make holes, bores, ribs, webs, cavities, and assembly relationships easier to understand. Different section types include full, half, offset, local, and revolved sections. Their use depends on the geometry and the applicable convention.

[[File:Engineering drawing-dessin de definition.png|500px|frameless|center]]

When creating a section, do not automatically hatch every feature. Standard conventions may exclude certain elements or require different treatment depending on the component and cutting direction.

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= Dimensioning =

A dimension tells the reader the intended size or location of a feature. Good dimensioning communicates what is needed to manufacture and inspect the part without duplication or ambiguity.

Important principles include placing dimensions where they are easy to read, avoiding unnecessary duplication, choosing logical reference surfaces or datums, and dimensioning visible features where practical. The numerical value controls the intended size; the printed drawing may have been enlarged, reduced, or distorted during copying.

[[File:Dimension tolerance-tech drawing.png|350px|frameless|center]]

Common dimension information includes linear size, diameter, radius, angle, hole location, depth, chamfer size, and coordinate position. Units are normally stated in the title block or drawing notes so that readers know how to interpret the values.

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== Tolerances and Fits ==

Manufactured parts cannot be produced at an infinitely exact size. A '''tolerance''' defines permitted variation around a specified requirement. Tolerances affect function, interchangeability, inspection, manufacturing method, and cost.

A fit describes the relationship between mating features such as a shaft and a hole. Depending on the permitted sizes, the result may be clearance, transition, or interference. Do not choose a tighter tolerance simply because it seems more precise; unnecessarily tight tolerances can increase manufacturing and inspection cost.

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== Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing ==

[[English:Geometric dimensioning and tolerancing|GD&T]] is a symbolic system used to control geometric characteristics such as form, orientation, location, and runout relative to defined features and datums. It is more advanced than basic size dimensioning and should be interpreted using the standard specified on the drawing.

[[File:Geometric dimenioning and tolerancing-hole.svg|500px|frameless|center]]

{{#ev:youtube|https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TTa9Q6w6fsU|500|center}}

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= Scale, Drawing Sheets, and Title Blocks =

A drawing scale compares the size on the drawing with the real object. A scale of '''1:1''' represents full size. A scale such as '''1:2''' is a reduction, while '''2:1''' is an enlargement. ISO 5455 defines recommended engineering drawing scales and their designation.

Many ISO-based workplaces use A-series sheets and layouts covered by ISO 5457. Other systems may use different sheet sizes. Whatever the system, the title block and border help identify and control the document.

A title block may contain the drawing title, drawing number, revision, scale, units, projection method, material, author, checker, approval, date, company, or other control information. Not every workplace uses every field, so learn your organisation's document-control rules.

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== Revision Control ==

A technically correct drawing can still be unsafe to use if it is obsolete. Before manufacturing or installation, check the drawing number, revision, issue status, and any change notes. If a drawing conflicts with the job instruction or physical part, stop and resolve the discrepancy through the responsible person rather than improvising a change.

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= CAD and Digital Technical Drawing =

[[English:Computer-aided design|CAD]] systems make it possible to create accurate geometry, reuse components, manage layers, generate sections, and connect 2D drawings with 3D models. However, CAD does not automatically guarantee a correct drawing. A drafter must still choose meaningful views, line conventions, dimensions, tolerances, notes, and revision information.

Good CAD practice includes using consistent layers and line types, checking units, applying suitable object snaps and constraints, controlling text and dimension styles, and plotting at the intended sheet size. Before release, inspect the drawing as a reader would: can another trained person manufacture or inspect the part without guessing?

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= Reading a Workshop Drawing Systematically =

Use a consistent reading routine:

# [[English:Title block|Title block]]: Identify the part, drawing number, revision, units, scale, material, and projection method.
# [[English:Overall geometry|Overall geometry]]: Study the main views and understand the basic 3D form.
# [[English:Sections and details|Sections and details]]: Locate sectional, enlarged, auxiliary, or detail views.
# [[English:Dimensions|Dimensions]]: Find sizes and locations that control manufacture and inspection.
# [[English:Tolerances|Tolerances]]: Note dimensional, geometric, fit, and general tolerance requirements.
# [[English:Symbols and notes|Symbols and notes]]: Check surface, thread, welding, treatment, process, and special instructions where applicable.
# [[English:Cross-check|Cross-check]]: Confirm that related views, dimensions, and notes are consistent before beginning work.

A good reader moves between views rather than interpreting each view in isolation.

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= Common Errors and How to Avoid Them =

'''Wrong projection method:''' Check the first-angle or third-angle symbol before interpreting view placement.

'''Measuring instead of reading:''' Use stated dimensions. Printed drawings may not remain exactly to scale.

'''Ignoring tolerances:''' A nominal dimension alone does not tell you the full acceptance range.

'''Reading an obsolete revision:''' Verify issue status before manufacturing or installation.

'''Over-dimensioning:''' Repeating the same requirement can create conflicts after revisions.

'''Missing hidden or section information:''' Use all relevant views before deciding the shape.

'''CAD overconfidence:''' A clean computer drawing can still contain wrong geometry, wrong units, or incomplete production information.

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= Workplace Example: From Drawing to Finished Part =

Imagine that you must manufacture a small mounting bracket. Start by reading the title block and checking the revision. Identify the front, top, and side views, then locate the section showing an internal hole. Read the overall size, hole diameter, hole position, and any tolerance. Decide which surfaces can be used as practical references for marking out, machining, or inspection.

Before cutting material, compare the drawing with the stock size and manufacturing plan. During production, use suitable measuring tools to verify controlled features. After machining, record any required inspection results. This process shows why drawing interpretation connects directly with workshop planning, quality control, and communication.

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= Interactive Tasks =

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== Quiz: Test Your Knowledge ==

{{MC}}

'''What is the main purpose of a technical drawing?'''
(To communicate technical requirements clearly)
(!To decorate a workshop wall)
(!To replace all manufacturing instructions)
(!To show only the outside colour of a product)

{{E}}
<br>

{{MC}}

'''Which line normally represents a visible outline?'''
(A continuous strong line)
(!A dashed hidden line)
(!A centre line)
(!A construction grid only)

{{E}}
<br>

{{MC}}

'''What does a hidden line indicate?'''
(A feature not directly visible in that view)
(!A surface that must be painted)
(!A drawing border)
(!A revision approval)

{{E}}
<br>

{{MC}}

'''What does a centre line commonly identify?'''
(An axis or centre of symmetry)
(!A material price)
(!A cutting speed)
(!A drawing revision)

{{E}}
<br>

{{MC}}

'''What does scale 1 to 1 mean?'''
(The drawing is full size)
(!The drawing is half size)
(!The drawing is double size)
(!The drawing has no dimensions)

{{E}}
<br>

{{MC}}

'''What is an orthographic drawing used to show?'''
(Accurate two dimensional views of a three dimensional object)
(!Only a coloured perspective image)
(!Only the manufacturing cost)
(!Only the company logo)

{{E}}
<br>

{{MC}}

'''How are the main axes arranged in an isometric view?'''
(They are equally spaced at 120 degrees)
(!They are all parallel)
(!They meet only at 90 degrees)
(!They are randomly arranged)

{{E}}
<br>

{{MC}}

'''Which information should control a manufactured size when a dimension is given?'''
(The stated dimension value)
(!A measurement taken from a photocopy)
(!The apparent size on a screen)
(!The thickness of the drawing line)

{{E}}
<br>

{{MC}}

'''Why must you check the projection symbol?'''
(To identify how orthographic views are arranged)
(!To determine the material hardness)
(!To calculate machine speed)
(!To choose the drawing colour)

{{E}}
<br>

{{MC}}

'''What is the purpose of a tolerance?'''
(To define permitted variation)
(!To enlarge the drawing sheet)
(!To choose the projection plane)
(!To replace the title block)

{{E}}
<br>

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== Memory Game ==

<div class="memo-quiz">
{|
|-
| Orthographic || Multiple aligned two dimensional views
|-
| Isometric || Pictorial view based on three equally spaced axes
|-
| Tolerance || Permitted variation from a specified requirement
|-
| Section || View that reveals internal features by an imagined cut
|-
| Scale || Ratio between drawing size and real size
|-
| Datum || Reference feature used to establish location or orientation
|-
| Revision || Controlled issue level of a drawing
|}
{{E}}
<br>

{{BR}}
== Drag and Drop ==

<div class="lueckentext-quiz">

{| class="wikitable"
! Match the correct terms.
! Topic
|-
| '''Visible outline'''
| Continuous strong line
|-
| '''Hidden feature'''
| Dashed line
|-
| '''Axis'''
| Centre line
|-
| '''Permitted variation'''
| Tolerance
|-
| '''Interior detail'''
| Section view
|}
{{E}}

<br>
...
<br />

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== Crossword Puzzle ==

<div class="kreuzwort-quiz">
{|
|-
| Orthographic || Which projection method uses aligned views such as front top and side?
|-
| Isometric || Which pictorial method uses three equally spaced principal axes?
|-
| Tolerance || What word means permitted variation from a requirement?
|-
| Dimension || What numerical instruction defines a size or location?
|-
| Section || What view reveals interior features using an imagined cut?
|-
| Scale || What ratio compares drawing size with real size?
|}
{{E}}
<br>

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== LearningApps ==

<iframe> https://learningapps.org/index.php?s=Technical+Drawing </iframe>

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== Cloze Text ==

<quiz display=simple>
{'''Complete the text.'''<br>
|type="{}"}
A technical drawing communicates { requirements } for making or checking an object. A visible outline is normally shown with a { continuous } line. Orthographic projection represents an object through aligned { views }. First-angle and third-angle systems arrange those views in different { positions }. An isometric view helps you visualise a { three-dimensional } form. A section view can reveal { internal } features. A numerical instruction that controls size or location is a { dimension }. Permitted variation is described by a { tolerance }. The ratio between drawing size and real size is the { scale }. Before production you should always confirm the drawing { revision }.
</quiz>

<br>

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= Open-Ended Tasks =

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=== Easy ===
# [[English:Drawing tools survey|Drawing tools survey]]: Identify five manual drawing tools in your classroom or workshop, photograph or sketch them, and explain the job each tool performs.
# [[English:Freehand component sketch|Freehand component sketch]]: Choose a simple workshop object and make a labelled freehand sketch that shows its main shapes and at least three useful dimensions.
# [[English:Line type poster|Line type poster]]: Produce a one-page visual guide that shows common line types and explains what each line communicates.
# [[English:Title block investigation|Title block investigation]]: Compare two real or training drawings and describe which title-block fields help you decide whether the drawing is safe to use.

{{BR}}
=== Standard ===
# [[English:Orthographic projection exercise|Orthographic projection exercise]]: Measure a simple block-shaped object and create accurate front, top, and side views with consistent alignment.
# [[English:Isometric conversion|Isometric conversion]]: Convert a set of orthographic views into an isometric sketch and write a short explanation of how you checked the shape.
# [[English:Workshop drawing interview|Workshop drawing interview]]: Interview a machinist, fabricator, technician, drafter, or instructor about the drawing mistakes that cause the most rework and summarise the advice.
# [[English:Dimensioning review|Dimensioning review]]: Take a training drawing, identify ambiguous or duplicated dimensions, and redesign the dimension layout so that another learner can interpret it more easily.

{{BR}}
=== Advanced ===
# [[English:Section drawing project|Section drawing project]]: Create a sectional drawing of a component with an internal hole or cavity, including cutting-plane information, hatching, and dimensions.
# [[English:Tolerance investigation|Tolerance investigation]]: Compare a loose-fit and close-fit assembly, research why their tolerances differ, and explain the effects on manufacture, cost, inspection, and function.
# [[English:CAD drawing package|CAD drawing package]]: Model or draw a simple manufactured component in CAD and produce a controlled drawing sheet with views, dimensions, scale, units, title block, and revision.
# [[English:Drawing to manufacture challenge|Drawing to manufacture challenge]]: Plan and, where workshop rules permit, manufacture a small part from your own checked drawing, then inspect the finished part and document any differences between design intent and result.

{{:Open Task - Create a MOOC}}

{{BR}}
= Learning Assessment =

# [[English:Projection reasoning|Projection reasoning]]: Given an unfamiliar component and a set of views, explain which projection method is used and justify your decision from view placement and symbols.
# [[English:Drawing error diagnosis|Drawing error diagnosis]]: Analyse a drawing that contains inconsistent dimensions, missing information, or duplicated requirements and propose corrections with reasons.
# [[English:Manufacturing transfer|Manufacturing transfer]]: Develop a practical sequence for producing a component from a drawing and explain how dimensions, tolerances, datums, and inspection points influence the sequence.
# [[English:Section selection|Section selection]]: Choose an appropriate section type for a component with internal features and justify why it communicates the geometry better than hidden lines alone.
# [[English:Tolerance decision|Tolerance decision]]: Compare two tolerance choices for the same feature and reason about their possible effects on fit, manufacturing difficulty, inspection, and cost.
# [[English:Revision scenario|Revision scenario]]: Respond to a situation in which the workshop drawing, CAD model, and job instruction show different revision information and explain the safe communication process you would follow.

<br>
<br>

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= Evidence of Learning =

# '''Knowledge''': You can explain projection systems, line conventions, dimensions, scales, sections, tolerances, title blocks, and revision control in clear technical language.
# '''Reading skill''': You can reconstruct the intended three-dimensional form by combining information from several drawing views.
# '''Drawing skill''': You can create aligned orthographic views, useful isometric sketches, and basic sectional representations.
# '''Measurement skill''': You can connect drawing dimensions and tolerances with suitable measuring and inspection methods.
# '''Digital skill''': You can apply the same drawing conventions when creating or checking a CAD-generated technical drawing.
# '''Product evidence''': Your portfolio contains sketches, projection exercises, dimensioned drawings, a section drawing, and a checked drawing package.
# '''Quality evidence''': You can identify ambiguity, revision problems, missing dimensions, conflicting information, and other risks before work begins.
# '''Transfer achievement''': You can use a technical drawing to plan manufacture, assembly, installation, inspection, or maintenance in a realistic vocational context.

<br>
<br>

{{BR}}
= OERs on the Topic =

The English Wikipedia article provides a broad introduction to the history, methods, and applications of technical drawing.

<iframe> https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical_drawing </iframe>

<br>

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= Linked Learning Areas =

Technical drawing connects geometry, manufacturing, design, communication, measurement, and quality assurance. Your strongest vocational performance comes from combining drawing literacy with practical knowledge of materials, tools, processes, and inspection.

{| align=center
{{:D-Tab}}
'''[[English:Technical drawing|Technical drawing]]'''
# [[English:Engineering drawing|Engineering drawing]]
# [[English:Orthographic projection|Orthographic projection]]
# [[English:Isometric projection|Isometric projection]]
# [[English:Section view|Section view]]
# [[English:Dimensioning|Dimensioning]]
# [[English:Geometric dimensioning and tolerancing|Geometric dimensioning and tolerancing]]
# [[English:Computer-aided design|Computer-aided design]]
# [[English:Manufacturing|Manufacturing]]
# [[English:Metrology|Metrology]]
|}

[[Category:English]]
[[Category:Vocational Education]]
[[Category:Engineering Drawing]]
[[Category:Engineering Education]]
[[Category:Mechanical Engineering]]
[[Category:Manufacturing]]
[[Category:Technical Communication]]

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= aiMOOC Projects =
[[Category:English]]
[[Category:Technical Drawing]]
[[Category:Vocational Education]]
[[Category:Engineering Drawing]]
[[Category:Engineering Education]]
[[Category:Mechanical Engineering]]
[[Category:Manufacturing]]
[[Category:Technical Communication]]
[[Category:AI_MOOC]]
[[Category:GPT aiMOOC]]
{{MT}}

English:Technical Drawing - Versionsgeschichte

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