Glanz: aiMOOC über GPT aiMOOC Action erstellt

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aiMOOC über GPT aiMOOC Action erstellt

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{{T}}
[[Category:English]]
[[Category:Research, Sources, and Citations]]

{{BR}}
= Introduction =

Research is more than finding information. It is a process of asking a focused question, searching strategically, deciding which sources deserve your trust, using evidence fairly, and showing where your information came from. In this aiMOOC, you will practise the skills behind [[English:Research|research]], [[English:Information literacy|information literacy]], [[English:Media literacy|media literacy]], and clear academic writing.

These skills matter in English, history, science, geography, health, technology, and everyday life. They help you answer school questions, check online claims, compare viewpoints, and create work that other people can follow and verify.

[[File:Students doing research in Botswana International University Of Science and Technology(BIUST) Library.jpg|500px|frameless|center]]

'''By the end of this course, you should be able to:'''
# [[English:Research question|Research questions]]: Turn a broad topic into a focused question that can be investigated.
# [[English:Search strategy|Search strategies]]: Choose useful keywords, synonyms, and filters.
# [[English:Source evaluation|Source evaluation]]: Judge whether a source is relevant, credible, current enough, and supported by evidence.
# [[English:Lateral reading|Lateral reading]]: Leave a webpage to investigate who is behind it and what other reliable sources say.
# [[English:Evidence|Evidence]]: Distinguish claims from supporting evidence and compare evidence across sources.
# [[English:Quotation|Quotation]] and [[English:Paraphrase|paraphrase]]: Use another person's ideas accurately without pretending they are your own.
# [[English:Citation|Citation]]: Give enough information for readers to identify and find the source you used.
# [[English:Creative Commons|Creative Commons]]: Recognize that reused media may require attribution as well as a citation.

{{BR}}
= The Research Process =

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== Start with a Focused Question ==

A broad topic such as ''school lunches'' is too large for a short research task. A focused question gives your search a direction. For example: '''How could reducing food waste change the environmental impact of our school cafeteria?''' This question names a problem, a setting, and a relationship you can investigate.

A useful research question is usually:
# [[English:Focus|Focused]]: It is narrow enough for the time and length of the assignment.
# [[English:Inquiry|Open to inquiry]]: It cannot be answered well with only yes, no, or one fact.
# [[English:Evidence|Evidence-based]]: You can investigate it using sources, observations, data, or interviews.
# [[English:Relevance|Relevant]]: It matches the task you have been given.

Before searching, write what you already know and what you still need to discover. This prevents random searching and makes gaps easier to notice.

{{BR}}
== Search with Keywords, Not Whole Essays ==

Search engines and library catalogues work best when you identify the important ideas in your question. Turn each idea into a small group of keywords and synonyms.

For the cafeteria example, useful searches could include '''school cafeteria food waste''', '''food waste environmental impact''', and '''student lunch waste study'''. If one word does not work, try a synonym. If results are too broad, add a more specific term. If they are too narrow, remove a term.

A search result page is only a map to possible sources. A title or snippet is not enough evidence. Open the source, identify who created it, read the relevant section, and check whether it actually supports the claim you want to make.

{{BR}}
== Keep a Research Log ==

A research log saves time and helps you avoid losing track of where facts came from.

{| class="wikitable"
! Source
! Why it may help
! Evidence or note
! Citation details saved
|-
| Government report
| Gives official statistics
| Record the exact statistic and its date
| Author or agency, title, date, URL
|-
| Newspaper article
| Shows reporting and interviews
| Note the claim and who is quoted
| Author, article title, newspaper, date, URL
|-
| Book
| Gives background and context
| Record page numbers with notes
| Author, title, publisher, year
|}

Do not wait until the end of a project to build your [[English:Bibliography|bibliography]] or [[English:Works Cited|Works Cited]] list. Save the source details when you first use the source.

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= Understanding Sources =

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== Primary, Secondary, and Reference Sources ==

A [[English:Primary source|primary source]] comes directly from the time, person, event, or investigation you are studying. Examples include a diary, photograph, interview, speech, experiment record, survey response, or original dataset.

A [[English:Secondary source|secondary source]] explains, interprets, compares, or analyzes information from primary sources and other evidence. Examples include many history books, documentaries, review articles, and news analyses.

A [[English:Reference work|reference source]] is designed to help you get oriented quickly. Dictionaries, encyclopedias, atlases, and reliable overview pages can help you learn vocabulary, dates, names, and useful search terms.

No source type is automatically best. A diary can be excellent evidence of one person's experience but weak evidence for what an entire population believed. A recent review may be better than one old experiment for understanding what many studies together suggest. Ask what the source can actually prove.

{{BR}}
== Match the Source to the Question ==

Imagine that you are researching how teenagers use public parks. A city planning report may provide counts and maps. Interviews may show personal experiences. A newspaper article may explain a local debate. A scientific study may compare patterns across larger groups. Strong research often combines different source types because each contributes a different kind of evidence.

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= Evaluating Sources =

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== Five Questions to Ask ==

Do not judge a source only by whether its website looks professional. Ask deeper questions:

# [[English:Authority|Who is behind it?]]: Can you identify the author, organization, publisher, or creator, and do they have relevant knowledge?
# [[English:Evidence|What evidence is provided?]]: Are claims supported by data, documents, named experts, references, or other checkable material?
# [[English:Currency|When was it produced or updated?]]: Is the date suitable for your topic?
# [[English:Purpose|Why was it made?]]: Is the goal to inform, persuade, entertain, sell, campaign, or attract attention?
# [[English:Corroboration|What do other sources say?]]: Do independent, credible sources support, challenge, or add context to the claim?

A source can be useful even when it has a point of view. The important question is whether you recognize that point of view, check its evidence, and use the source for a purpose it can support.

[[File:How To Spot Fake News.jpg|500px|frameless|center]]

{{#ev:youtube|https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o93pM-b97HI|500|center}}

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== Read Laterally ==

[[English:Lateral reading|Lateral reading]] means leaving the page you are evaluating and opening new tabs to investigate the source. Instead of trusting an organization's own description of itself, search for independent information about who runs it, how experts describe it, and whether its claims have been checked elsewhere.

A simple lateral-reading routine is:
# Search the name of the author or organization.
# Look for independent reporting, expert organizations, or reference sources.
# Compare what several credible sources say about the same claim.
# Return to the original page and judge it with the new context you found.

{{#ev:youtube|https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GoQG6Tin-1E|500|center}}

{{BR}}
== Check Images, Videos, and Graphs Too ==

Visual evidence can be powerful, but it can also be cropped, mislabeled, edited, taken from another event, or shown without important context. Ask where the image or video first came from, when it was created, whether the caption matches the original context, and whether reliable sources show the same event.

For graphs, read the title, labels, units, source, date, and scale. A graph can use real numbers but still create a misleading impression if axes or categories hide important context.

{{#ev:youtube|https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p7uvqb8fcdA|500|center}}

{{BR}}
= Using Wikipedia and Search Tools Wisely =

Wikipedia can be a useful starting point for learning background vocabulary, finding names and dates to search, and following references to other sources. However, do not stop at the summary. Check the cited sources and evaluate them for your own question. Your teacher may also have specific rules about whether Wikipedia itself can be cited in an assignment.

Search engines rank results; they do not guarantee that the first result is the most accurate or useful. Sponsored results, popularity, personalization, search wording, and search-engine design can affect what appears. Practise '''click restraint''': scan the results, notice who is publishing them, and choose deliberately rather than clicking the first link automatically.

[[File:Fact Checking.png|500px|frameless|center]]

{{BR}}
= Claims and Evidence =

A [[English:Claim|claim]] is a statement that can be supported, challenged, or qualified. [[English:Evidence|Evidence]] is the material used to support a claim, such as data, observations, documents, quotations, or findings from a study.

Strong evidence should be connected clearly to the claim. Ask:
# Does this evidence actually address the claim?
# Is the evidence from a source that is suitable for this question?
# Is one example being treated as if it proves something about everyone?
# Are important limits, exceptions, or uncertainties being hidden?
# Do other credible sources point in the same direction?

{{#ev:youtube|https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hxhbOvR2TGk|500|center}}

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= Using Sources in Your Own Writing =

{{BR}}
== Quote, Paraphrase, or Summarize ==

Use a [[English:Quotation|quotation]] when the exact wording is important. Copy the words exactly, use quotation marks when required, and cite the source.

Use a [[English:Paraphrase|paraphrase]] when you want to explain a source idea in your own wording and sentence structure. Changing only a few words is not enough. A paraphrase still needs a citation because the idea came from someone else.

Use a [[English:Summary|summary]] when you want to condense the main point of a larger passage, article, or source. A summary also needs a citation when it presents information or ideas from that source.

A useful method is '''read, cover, write, compare''': read the source carefully, cover or close it, write the idea in your own words, then compare your version with the original to check accuracy and avoid copying its wording or structure too closely.

{{BR}}
== Avoid Plagiarism ==

[[English:Plagiarism|Plagiarism]] means presenting someone else's words, ideas, evidence, or creative work as though it were your own. It can happen when you copy without quotation marks, paraphrase too closely, forget a citation, or reuse media without the credit required by its license.

Good research makes the boundary clear: readers should be able to tell what comes from your own reasoning and what comes from another source.

[[File:Citation needed emoji.svg|220px|frameless|center]]

{{BR}}
= Citations =

{{BR}}
== Why Cite? ==

A [[English:Citation|citation]] helps readers identify the source behind a quotation, paraphrase, fact, image, or idea. Citations make your research more transparent: readers can check the evidence, learn more, and see which ideas came from other people.

In many English-language arts classes, you may use [[English:MLA style|MLA style]]. Other subjects may use different systems, such as APA or Chicago. The exact punctuation and order can vary by style, so follow your teacher's instructions. The important habit is to save complete source information and use one required style consistently.

[[File:Classroom handout - Citing sources on Wikipedia.pdf|500px|frameless|center]]

{{BR}}
== In-Text Citations and Works Cited ==

In MLA-style writing, an in-text citation connects a sentence in your paper to a full entry on the [[English:Works Cited|Works Cited]] page. For many print sources, that connection uses the author's last name and a page number when available. Web sources may need a different in-text form depending on what information the source provides.

A Works Cited entry usually needs enough information to help a reader locate the source. Depending on the source, that may include the author or creator, title, larger website or publication, publisher, publication date, page range, DOI, or URL.

'''Simplified book pattern:''' Author. Title. Publisher, year.

'''Simplified web-page pattern:''' Author or organization. Page title. Website title, publication date, URL.

These patterns are learning supports, not a replacement for the exact citation guide required by your class.

{{BR}}
== When Do You Need a Citation? ==

You normally need a citation when you:
# Quote another person's exact words.
# Paraphrase or summarize another person's idea.
# Use a specific fact, statistic, dataset, image, chart, or claim that came from a source.
# Reuse or adapt media that requires attribution.
# Present information that your reader would reasonably need to trace back to a source.

Common knowledge may not need a citation, but what counts as common knowledge depends on the audience and assignment. When you are unsure, ask your teacher or cite the source.

{{BR}}
== Citation Tools Can Help, but You Must Check Them ==

Citation generators can save typing, but they can import missing authors, incorrect capitalization, wrong dates, or the wrong source type. Compare generated citations with the required style guide and correct mistakes before submitting your work.

{{BR}}
= Reusing Images and Other Media =

A citation answers '''Where did this information or media come from?''' A copyright license answers '''What am I allowed to do with it?''' These are related but different questions.

[[English:Creative Commons|Creative Commons]] licenses allow creators to state reuse conditions clearly. For example, a CC BY license requires attribution. A good attribution usually identifies the creator, the work, the source, and the license, and it should indicate changes when required.

[[File:CC BY icon.svg|220px|frameless|center]]

When you use an image from Wikimedia Commons, open the file page and check its creator, source, and license instead of copying only the image URL. Public-domain and CC0 material may have fewer copyright restrictions, but recording the source is still good research practice.

[[File:Data citation.jpg|500px|frameless|center]]

{{BR}}
= Research with AI and Automated Tools =

AI systems and automated search tools can help you brainstorm keywords, explain unfamiliar vocabulary, or organize questions. They can also produce inaccurate statements, missing context, or references that do not exist. Treat generated answers as leads to investigate, not as automatic proof.

For school research:
# Verify important claims in reliable sources you can inspect.
# Open and read the original source before citing it.
# Never cite a book, article, or webpage just because an AI tool says it exists.
# Follow your teacher's rules about whether and how AI use must be acknowledged.
# Keep your own research notes so you can explain how you reached your conclusions.

{{BR}}
= A Practical Research Checklist =

Before you submit a research product, ask yourself:
# '''Question''': Did I answer a focused research question?
# '''Search''': Did I use more than one useful search term or route?
# '''Sources''': Did I choose sources that fit the question?
# '''Verification''': Did I cross-check important claims?
# '''Evidence''': Did I explain how the evidence supports my conclusions?
# '''Own words''': Are my paraphrases genuinely written in my own language and structure?
# '''Citations''': Can readers trace borrowed ideas and evidence to the correct sources?
# '''Media''': Did I check the license and provide required attribution?
# '''Accuracy''': Did I recheck names, dates, quotations, numbers, and links?

{{BR}}
= Interactive Tasks =

{{BR}}
== Quiz: Test Your Knowledge ==

{{MC}}

'''Which research question is the most focused?'''
(How does daily screen time affect sleep routines among students in our grade)
(!Is technology good)
(!What is sleep)
(!Why do people use screens)

{{E}}
<br>

{{MC}}

'''What is a primary source?'''
(A source created directly by a person event or investigation being studied)
(!A summary that always appears in an encyclopedia)
(!Any source that is listed first in search results)
(!A source that has no author)

{{E}}
<br>

{{MC}}

'''What is lateral reading?'''
(Leaving a page to investigate the source through other reliable sources)
(!Reading every word on one page from top to bottom)
(!Looking only at the About page of a website)
(!Choosing the shortest search result)

{{E}}
<br>

{{MC}}

'''Which question best checks the evidence in a source?'''
(What data documents or references support this claim)
(!Does the page use attractive colors)
(!Is the headline written in large text)
(!Does the page appear first in my search)

{{E}}
<br>

{{MC}}

'''What should you do when paraphrasing a source?'''
(Use your own wording and structure and still cite the source)
(!Change three words and remove the citation)
(!Copy the sentence exactly without quotation marks)
(!Use the idea only if the author is unknown)

{{E}}
<br>

{{MC}}

'''Why is an in-text citation useful?'''
(It connects a statement in your work to the full source entry)
(!It makes every claim automatically true)
(!It replaces the need to read the source)
(!It allows you to copy any amount of text)

{{E}}
<br>

{{MC}}

'''Which action is best when a citation generator creates an entry?'''
(Check it against the required citation rules and correct mistakes)
(!Submit it without looking at it)
(!Delete the author so the entry is shorter)
(!Replace the source title with your own title)

{{E}}
<br>

{{MC}}

'''What should you check when using an online image?'''
(The creator source and reuse license)
(!Only whether the image is colorful)
(!Only whether the image is large)
(!Only whether the image has no caption)

{{E}}
<br>

{{MC}}

'''What is the safest way to use a reference suggested by an AI tool?'''
(Find the real source open it read it and verify that it supports the claim)
(!Cite it immediately because the title sounds academic)
(!Assume the author and date are correct)
(!Use it without checking whether it exists)

{{E}}
<br>

{{MC}}

'''Why should researchers compare more than one credible source?'''
(To check agreement differences context and possible errors)
(!To make the bibliography look longer)
(!To avoid reading any source carefully)
(!To guarantee that every source has the same opinion)

{{E}}
<br>

{{BR}}
== Memory Game ==

<div class="memo-quiz">
{|
|-
| Research question || A focused question that guides an investigation
|-
| Primary source || Direct evidence from the person event or investigation studied
|-
| Lateral reading || Checking a source by opening other sources and tabs
|-
| Paraphrase || An idea restated accurately in your own wording and structure
|-
| Citation || Information that identifies where borrowed material came from
|-
| Corroboration || Comparing independent sources to see how their evidence agrees or differs
|}
{{E}}
<br>

{{BR}}
== Drag and Drop ==

<div class="lueckentext-quiz">

{| class="wikitable"
! Match the correct terms.
! Topic
|-
| '''Primary source'''
| Direct evidence from the time person event or investigation studied
|-
| '''Secondary source'''
| Later explanation interpretation or analysis of evidence
|-
| '''Lateral reading'''
| Leaving a page to investigate who is behind it
|-
| '''Paraphrase'''
| Restating a source idea in your own language and structure
|-
| '''Works Cited'''
| Full source entries that match citations used in the text
|}
{{E}}

<br>
...
<br />

{{BR}}
== Crossword Puzzle ==

<div class="kreuzwort-quiz">
{|
|-
| Credibility || What quality describes a source that deserves reasonable trust?
|-
| Paraphrase || What do you call restating a source idea in your own words and structure?
|-
| Citation || What identifies the source behind borrowed information?
|-
| Evidence || What supports a claim with facts data documents or observations?
|-
| Keyword || What search word represents an important idea in your research question?
|-
| Bias || What word describes a tendency that can shape how information is selected or presented?
|}
{{E}}
<br>

{{BR}}
== LearningApps ==

<iframe> https://learningapps.org/index.php?s=Research+Sources+and+Citations </iframe>

{{BR}}
== Cloze Text ==

<quiz display=simple>
{'''Complete the text.'''<br>
|type="{}"}
A focused { research question } gives your investigation a clear direction. A useful search begins with carefully chosen { keywords }. A direct record from a person event or investigation can be a { primary source }. When you leave a webpage to investigate who is behind it you are using { lateral reading }. A strong claim should be supported by relevant { evidence }. Rewriting a source idea in your own words is called a { paraphrase }. A { citation } helps readers trace borrowed information back to its source. Before reusing an online image you should check its { license }.
</quiz>

<br>

{{BR}}
= Open-Ended Tasks =

{{BR}}
=== Easy ===
# [[English:Keyword challenge|Keyword challenge]]: Choose a school topic and create three different keyword searches for it. Explain which search gives the most useful results and why.
# [[English:Source detective|Source detective]]: Pick one webpage on a familiar topic and identify its author or organization, date, purpose, and evidence.
# [[English:Paraphrase practice|Paraphrase practice]]: Select a short factual paragraph from a classroom source, write one accurate paraphrase, and add a citation in the style your teacher requires.
# [[English:Media credit|Media credit]]: Find one reusable image on Wikimedia Commons and write a credit that names the creator, file title, source, and license.

{{BR}}
=== Standard ===
# [[English:Source comparison|Source comparison]]: Find two different credible sources that answer the same question. Compare what they agree on, what they emphasize differently, and which is more useful for your task.
# [[English:Lateral reading investigation|Lateral reading investigation]]: Choose an unfamiliar website, investigate it in new tabs, and make a one-page evidence map showing what independent sources reveal about it.
# [[English:Mini interview|Mini interview]]: Interview a classmate, teacher, family member, librarian, or community member about a researchable topic, then explain what the interview can and cannot prove.
# [[English:Fact-check poster|Fact-check poster]]: Design a poster or infographic that teaches students how to verify a surprising online claim before sharing it.

{{BR}}
=== Advanced ===
# [[English:Research brief|Research brief]]: Investigate a focused question using at least one primary source and two secondary sources, then write a short evidence-based brief with in-text citations and a Works Cited list.
# [[English:Visual verification|Visual verification]]: Choose an image or short video circulating online and trace its original context as far as possible. Present your checking process as a narrated screen recording or annotated slide sequence.
# [[English:Citation audit|Citation audit]]: Review a draft research text and create an audit table showing which statements need citations, whether each citation matches a real source, and where evidence is still weak.
# [[English:Community research project|Community research project]]: Investigate a local issue through documents, observations, interviews, or public data, then create a report, podcast, or video that distinguishes evidence from opinion and credits every source.

{{:Open Task - Create a MOOC}}

{{BR}}
= Learning Assessment =

# [[English:Research design assessment|Research design assessment]]: Turn a broad topic into a focused question, propose three useful search routes, and justify which kinds of sources would best answer the question.
# [[English:Credibility assessment|Credibility assessment]]: Evaluate two webpages about the same claim using authorship, evidence, date, purpose, and lateral reading, then defend which source is more trustworthy for the specific task.
# [[English:Evidence assessment|Evidence assessment]]: Given a claim and several pieces of evidence, rank the evidence from strongest to weakest and explain how relevance, source quality, and context affected your ranking.
# [[English:Paraphrase assessment|Paraphrase assessment]]: Write a quotation, paraphrase, and summary from the same short source passage, then explain how each version should be cited.
# [[English:Citation assessment|Citation assessment]]: Match several in-text citations to full source entries, identify missing source details, and correct an inconsistent Works Cited list.
# [[English:Transfer assessment|Transfer assessment]]: Apply the course checklist to a new social-media claim, advertisement, or AI-generated answer and document how you would verify it before using or sharing it.

<br>
<br>

{{BR}}
= Evidence of Learning =

Your learning can be demonstrated through several kinds of evidence:

# '''Knowledge''': You can explain research questions, source types, credibility, evidence, lateral reading, quotation, paraphrase, plagiarism, citations, and media licenses.
# '''Skills''': You can search strategically, compare sources, verify claims, take traceable notes, paraphrase accurately, cite consistently, and check reuse conditions for media.
# '''Products''': You can produce a research log, source evaluation, fact-check, annotated bibliography or Works Cited list, poster, presentation, report, podcast, or video with clear source attribution.
# '''Transfer''': You can apply the same habits to unfamiliar topics, news, social media, AI-generated answers, images, graphs, and everyday decisions.

<br>
<br>

{{BR}}
= OERs on the Topic =

<iframe> https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_literacy </iframe>

Useful open and freely accessible learning resources include:
# [https://cor.inquirygroup.org/curriculum/collections/teaching-lateral-reading/ Civic Online Reasoning: Teaching Lateral Reading]: Lessons and practice for investigating online sources by reading laterally.
# [https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/resources.html Purdue OWL Research and Citation Resources]: Guidance on conducting research, evaluating sources, quoting, paraphrasing, plagiarism, and citation styles.
# [https://www.ifla.org/news/how-to-spot-fake-news-ifla-in-the-post-truth-society/ IFLA How To Spot Fake News]: A media-literacy resource for checking online news and claims.
# [https://creativecommons.org/cclicenses/ Creative Commons Licenses]: Explanations of the main Creative Commons license types and their reuse conditions.

<br>

{{BR}}
= Linked Learning Areas =

{| align=center
{{:D-Tab}}
'''[[English:Research, Sources, and Citations|Research, Sources, and Citations]]'''
# [[English:Research question|Research question]]
# [[English:Search strategy|Search strategy]]
# [[English:Information literacy|Information literacy]]
# [[English:Media literacy|Media literacy]]
# [[English:Primary source|Primary source]]
# [[English:Secondary source|Secondary source]]
# [[English:Source evaluation|Source evaluation]]
# [[English:Lateral reading|Lateral reading]]
# [[English:Evidence|Evidence]]
# [[English:Quotation|Quotation]]
# [[English:Paraphrase|Paraphrase]]
# [[English:Citation|Citation]]
# [[English:Bibliography|Bibliography]]
# [[English:Plagiarism|Plagiarism]]
# [[English:Copyright|Copyright]]
# [[English:Creative Commons|Creative Commons]]
|}

This topic connects English-language arts with digital citizenship, history, science, social studies, library skills, media literacy, and responsible technology use. The same research habits help you read critically, write clearly, participate in discussions, and make better decisions when information is incomplete or contested.

{{BR}}
= aiMOOC Projects =
[[Category:English]]
[[Category:Research, Sources, and Citations]]
[[Category:Information literacy]]
[[Category:Media literacy]]
[[Category:Research]]
[[Category:Writing]]
[[Category:Digital literacy]]
[[Category:Grades 7-8]]
[[Category:AI_MOOC]]
[[Category:GPT aiMOOC]]
{{MT}}

English:Research, Sources, and Citations - Versionsgeschichte

Glanz: aiMOOC über GPT aiMOOC Action erstellt