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{{T}}
[[Category:English]]
[[Category:Food Security]]

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= Introduction =

'''Food security''' means that people can reliably get enough safe and nutritious food for an active and healthy life. It is not only about how much food exists. It also matters whether people can afford or reach food, whether the food supports good health, and whether access continues during difficult times.<ref name="worldbank">[https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/agriculture/brief/food-security-update/what-is-food-security World Bank, "What is Food Security?"]</ref>

Imagine a town where a supermarket has full shelves, but many families cannot afford the food. Food is available, yet access is limited. Now imagine a farming community with enough grain after harvest, but poor storage causes much of it to spoil before the next season. Food may be available at first, but stability is weak. These examples show why [[English:Food security|Food security]] connects [[English:Agriculture|agriculture]], [[English:Nutrition|nutrition]], [[English:Economics|economics]], [[English:Geography|geography]], [[English:Climate change|climate change]], and decisions made by communities and governments.

[[File:AUSAID SOUTH AFRICA (10672632116).jpg|500px|frameless|center]]

This Wikimedia Commons photo shows boxes of vegetables from a community garden in Cape Town, South Africa. The project linked farming skills with fresh food and income for farmers.

'''Guiding question:''' How can a food system make nutritious food available, affordable, useful for health, and dependable over time?

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= Learning Goals =

By the end of this aiMOOC, you should be able to explain the four dimensions of food security, identify major causes of food insecurity, describe effects on people and communities, compare possible solutions, interpret simple maps and examples, and design practical actions that can reduce food waste or strengthen access to nutritious food.

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= What Food Security Means =

The widely used definition of food security says that people should have physical and economic access, at all times, to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food that meets their needs and supports an active and healthy life.<ref name="worldbank" /> A useful way to study this idea is through four connected dimensions: '''availability, access, utilization, and stability'''.<ref name="dimensions">[https://data360.worldbank.org/en/dataset/FAO_FS World Bank Data360, FAO Suite of Food Security Indicators]</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! Dimension
! Main question
! Example
|-
| '''Availability'''
| Is enough food physically present?
| Farms produce crops, markets receive supplies, or food is imported.
|-
| '''Access'''
| Can people obtain the food?
| A family can afford the price and can reach a market or food programme.
|-
| '''Utilization'''
| Can the body benefit from the food?
| Meals are nutritious and safe, and people have clean water, sanitation, and suitable ways to prepare food.
|-
| '''Stability'''
| Do the other dimensions continue over time?
| Food remains available and affordable during a drought, price rise, conflict, or transport disruption.
|}

A place can have strong food production but still have food insecurity if some people have low incomes, live far from markets, or face discrimination. In the same way, a household may have enough calories but still have poor nutrition if the diet lacks important nutrients. Food security therefore involves both quantity and quality.

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== Food Security and Food Safety Are Different ==

'''Food security''' asks whether people can reliably obtain enough nutritious food. '''Food safety''' asks whether food is free from harmful contamination or other hazards. The ideas overlap because unsafe food cannot support good utilization, but they are not the same concept.

[[File:Carrefour Market Voisins-le-Bretonneux 2012 05.jpg|500px|frameless|center]]

A well-stocked supermarket can show food availability, but it does not prove that every household has access. Prices, income, transport, disability access, and opening times can all affect whether people can obtain what they need.

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= Food Systems: From Field to Plate =

A [[English:Food system|food system]] includes the people, resources, activities, and decisions involved in producing, processing, transporting, selling, preparing, eating, and disposing of food. Food security can be affected at every stage.

A crop may grow well but be damaged during storage. A truck may be unable to reach a market after a flood. A nutritious food may arrive in a shop but cost more than a family can pay. A meal may be available but unsafe because clean water is missing. Thinking in systems helps you see that food insecurity rarely has only one cause.

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== Production and Natural Resources ==

Farmers depend on soil, water, seeds, knowledge, labour, tools, and suitable weather. Sustainable farming can protect soil, use water efficiently, diversify crops, and reduce risks. No single method works everywhere, so local climate, ecosystems, culture, and resources matter.

[[File:Water Stress, Top Countries (2020).svg|500px|frameless|center]]

This FAO graphic uses 2020 data to compare water stress in selected countries. Water stress matters for food systems because agriculture depends on reliable water supplies, while cities, industries, and ecosystems also need freshwater.

{{#ev:youtube|https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eeowVp5jM0U|500|center}}

This FAO video introduces the idea of building more resilient agrifood systems.

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== Storage, Transport, and Markets ==

Food must often move from farms to storage facilities, processors, wholesalers, shops, schools, restaurants, and homes. Roads, ports, refrigeration, warehouses, electricity, and communication systems can all affect how much food arrives in good condition and how much it costs.

Good storage can protect grain from moisture and pests. A cold chain can slow spoilage of foods such as milk, fish, fruit, and vegetables. Efficient transport can connect producers with buyers, while local markets can help communities obtain fresh foods close to home.

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= Why Food Insecurity Happens =

Food insecurity often develops when several pressures overlap. The World Food Programme identifies conflict, extreme weather, and economic shocks as major drivers, and these can reinforce one another.<ref name="wfpdrivers">[https://www.wfp.org/stories/food-security-what-it-means-and-why-it-matters World Food Programme, "Food security: what it means and why it matters"]</ref>

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== Conflict and Displacement ==

Conflict can destroy crops, damage roads and markets, interrupt trade, raise prices, and force people to leave homes, farms, jobs, or livestock. It can also make humanitarian assistance harder to deliver.<ref name="conflict">[https://www.wfp.org/conflict-and-hunger World Food Programme, "Conflict and hunger"]</ref> The effects can continue even after fighting stops because farms, businesses, infrastructure, and household savings may take time to recover.

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== Climate and Extreme Weather ==

Droughts, floods, heatwaves, storms, and changing rainfall patterns can reduce harvests or damage stored food and transport routes. [[English:Climate change|Climate change]] can change the frequency or severity of some hazards and can make planning more difficult. Building resilience can include water-saving irrigation, crop diversity, soil conservation, weather information, insurance, and emergency plans.

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== Poverty, Prices, and Inequality ==

Food may be present in a country but still be out of reach for a household. If wages fall, jobs disappear, or food prices rise quickly, families may buy less food or switch to cheaper foods with lower nutritional quality. Access can also be affected by unequal land ownership, unsafe travel, disability barriers, discrimination, or weak public services.

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== Food Loss and Food Waste ==

'''Food loss''' often refers to food that is lost before it reaches shops or consumers, for example during harvesting, storage, processing, or transport. '''Food waste''' often refers to edible food discarded by retailers, restaurants, schools, or households. Reducing both can save money and reduce unnecessary use of land, water, energy, labour, and other resources.

[[File:Trashed vegetables in Luxembourg.jpeg|500px|frameless|center]]

The photo shows discarded vegetables. It is a useful reminder that reducing waste is not the same as solving all food insecurity, but it can make food systems more efficient.

{{#ev:youtube|https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6wKcb-MhdJU|500|center}}

This World Food Forum masterclass explains basic causes, impacts, and responses related to food loss and waste.

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= Food Insecurity, Hunger, and Malnutrition =

These ideas are connected but not identical. '''Hunger''' usually refers to the uncomfortable or harmful experience of not having enough food energy. '''Food insecurity''' is broader and can include uncertainty, reduced food quality, smaller portions, or skipped meals. '''Malnutrition''' includes health problems caused by too little, too much, or an unbalanced intake of energy and nutrients.

In 2025, an estimated 645 million people faced hunger worldwide, while about 2.1 billion people experienced moderate or severe food insecurity. The 2026 State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World report also estimated that about 2.7 billion people could not afford a healthy diet.<ref name="sofi2026">[https://www.fao.org/publications/fao-flagship-publications/the-state-of-food-security-and-nutrition-in-the-world/en FAO, The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2026]</ref> These global totals hide large differences among regions and communities.

{{#ev:youtube|https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tpJDrG4j0aw|500|center}}

This FAO video summarizes key messages from the 2026 global food security and nutrition report.

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== Reading Maps Carefully ==

Maps can help you compare patterns, but every map has a date, a definition, and a method. A map should not be treated as timeless. Always check the year and what the colours or categories measure.

[[File:Hunger Map 2020 World Food Programme.svg|500px|frameless|center]]

This historical map uses 2020 data on the prevalence of undernourishment. Compare it with newer information rather than assuming that the pattern is unchanged.

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= Why Food Security Matters for Learning and Health =

When students do not have reliable access to nutritious food, concentration, attendance, health, growth, and well-being can suffer. School meals can support learners while also helping families manage food costs. Some programmes purchase food from local farmers, linking education with local agriculture and markets.

[[File:School meals WFP.jpg|500px|frameless|center]]

This Wikimedia Commons image documents a school feeding programme in Laos. School meals are one example of a social protection measure that can improve access to food.

{{#ev:youtube|https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=30iBt2ISXKo|500|center}}

This World Food Programme video presents an example of a national school feeding programme.

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= Building Food Security =

There is no single solution. Effective strategies usually combine action in agriculture, markets, public health, social protection, infrastructure, education, and environmental management.

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== Resilient and Sustainable Agriculture ==

Farmers can reduce risk by using practices suited to local conditions, such as crop rotation, mixed cropping, drought-tolerant varieties, soil cover, efficient irrigation, integrated pest management, and agroforestry. The goal is not simply to produce more food today, but to protect the resources and livelihoods needed for future production.

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== Better Access and Social Protection ==

Cash transfers, food assistance, school meals, nutrition programmes, and emergency support can help households obtain food when income is low or a crisis occurs. Well-designed programmes should consider nutritional quality, local markets, fairness, and the needs of groups that may face extra barriers.

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== Stronger Storage and Distribution ==

Improved warehouses, drying methods, refrigeration, roads, market information, and transport can reduce losses and help food move more reliably. These systems can also help farmers reach buyers and give consumers more stable access to different foods.

[[File:20150916-OSEC-LSC-0142 (21614533886).jpg|500px|frameless|center]]

This USDA photograph shows rescued carrots being moved through a food recovery facility. Food rescue can connect safe surplus food with organizations serving people who need it.

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== Protecting Water, Soil, and Biodiversity ==

Food production depends on ecosystems. Protecting soil structure, pollinators, water quality, and genetic diversity can make farming more resilient. Using resources efficiently also reduces pressure on the environment.

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== Reducing Food Waste ==

You can plan portions, store food correctly, use leftovers safely, understand date labels, and measure what your household or school throws away. The FAO has developed food-waste education materials for learners, including resources for ages 10 to 13.<ref name="faowasteeducation">[https://www.fao.org/platform-food-loss-waste/resources/publications/awareness-raising-and-education/en FAO Technical Platform on Food Loss and Waste, education resources]</ref>

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= Thinking Like a Food Security Investigator =

When you study a food security problem, ask more than one question. What food is available? Who can access it? Is it nutritious and safe? Can access continue over time? What evidence supports the claim? Which groups are most affected? What short-term help is needed, and what long-term changes could reduce risk?

A strong investigation also distinguishes facts from assumptions. For example, seeing an empty shelf does not automatically prove a national food shortage. The cause could be a delayed delivery, local panic buying, a temporary power failure, or a larger supply problem. Good evidence may include price data, rainfall records, crop reports, interviews, nutrition surveys, transport information, and observations from the community.

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= Key Vocabulary =

{| class="wikitable"
! Term
! Meaning
|-
| '''Food security'''
| Reliable access to enough safe and nutritious food for an active and healthy life.
|-
| '''Food insecurity'''
| Limited or uncertain access to enough appropriate food.
|-
| '''Availability'''
| The physical presence of food from production, stocks, trade, or assistance.
|-
| '''Access'''
| The ability to obtain food physically and economically.
|-
| '''Utilization'''
| The ability to use food safely and gain nutritional benefit from it.
|-
| '''Stability'''
| The continuation of availability, access, and utilization over time.
|-
| '''Resilience'''
| The ability to prepare for, cope with, and recover from shocks.
|-
| '''Malnutrition'''
| Poor nutritional status caused by too little, too much, or an unbalanced intake of nutrients and energy.
|-
| '''Food loss'''
| Food removed from the supply before it reaches consumers.
|-
| '''Food waste'''
| Edible food discarded by retailers, food services, or consumers.
|}

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= Interactive Tasks =

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== Quiz: Test Your Knowledge ==

{{MC}}

'''Which dimension asks whether enough food is physically present?'''
(Availability)
(!Access)
(!Utilization)
(!Stability)

{{E}}
<br>

{{MC}}

'''Which dimension focuses on whether people can afford or reach food?'''
(Access)
(!Availability)
(!Utilization)
(!Stability)

{{E}}
<br>

{{MC}}

'''Which example best shows a problem with utilization?'''
(Unsafe water makes meal preparation risky)
(!A harvest is stored in a warehouse)
(!A road connects a farm to a market)
(!A family has savings for groceries)

{{E}}
<br>

{{MC}}

'''What does stability mean in food security?'''
(Food security continues over time)
(!Food is grown only in one season)
(!Every meal contains the same foods)
(!Food prices never change anywhere)

{{E}}
<br>

{{MC}}

'''Which factor can directly reduce food access for a household?'''
(A sharp rise in food prices)
(!A new recipe book)
(!A longer school holiday)
(!A brighter shop sign)

{{E}}
<br>

{{MC}}

'''Why can conflict increase food insecurity?'''
(It can disrupt farms markets transport and livelihoods)
(!It always increases crop yields)
(!It removes the need for storage)
(!It guarantees lower food prices)

{{E}}
<br>

{{MC}}

'''Which action can help reduce food waste at school?'''
(Measuring leftovers and adjusting portions)
(!Throwing away unopened food immediately)
(!Serving larger portions to everyone)
(!Ignoring storage instructions)

{{E}}
<br>

{{MC}}

'''Why are school meals connected to food security?'''
(They can improve learners access to nutritious food)
(!They replace all farming)
(!They make weather predictable)
(!They remove all food prices)

{{E}}
<br>

{{MC}}

'''Why should you check the date on a hunger map?'''
(Food security patterns can change over time)
(!Maps never use data)
(!Older maps are always wrong)
(!Colours have the same meaning on every map)

{{E}}
<br>

{{MC}}

'''Which response best strengthens resilience?'''
(Preparing for shocks and reducing future risks)
(!Waiting until every crisis has ended)
(!Depending on only one crop everywhere)
(!Removing all local food markets)

{{E}}
<br>

{{BR}}
== Memory Game ==

<div class="memo-quiz">
{|
|-
| Availability || Enough food is physically present
|-
| Access || People can obtain food physically and economically
|-
| Utilization || Food supports health through safe and nutritious use
|-
| Stability || Food security continues through time and shocks
|-
| Resilience || Ability to prepare for cope with and recover from disruption
|-
| Malnutrition || Poor nutritional status caused by an inadequate or unbalanced diet
|-
| Food loss || Food is removed from the supply before reaching consumers
|-
| Food waste || Edible food is discarded by retailers food services or households
|}
{{E}}
<br>

{{BR}}
== Drag and Drop ==

<div class="lueckentext-quiz">

{| class="wikitable"
! Match the correct terms.
! Topic
|-
| '''Enough food is physically present'''
| Availability
|-
| '''A household can afford groceries'''
| Access
|-
| '''Meals are safe and nutritionally useful'''
| Utilization
|-
| '''Food access continues during a shock'''
| Stability
|-
| '''A community prepares for drought and recovery'''
| Resilience
|}
{{E}}

<br>
...
<br />

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== Crossword Puzzle ==

<div class="kreuzwort-quiz">
{|
|-
| Access || Which food security dimension asks whether people can obtain food?
|-
| Stability || Which dimension focuses on food security continuing over time?
|-
| Nutrition || What word describes how food supports growth and health?
|-
| Irrigation || What farming method supplies water to crops?
|-
| Resilience || What is the ability to cope with and recover from shocks?
|-
| Harvest || What word means gathering a mature crop from a field?
|}
{{E}}
<br>

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== LearningApps ==

<iframe> https://learningapps.org/index.php?s=Food+Security </iframe>

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== Cloze Text ==

<quiz display=simple>
{'''Complete the text.'''<br>
|type="{}"}
Food { security } exists when people can reliably obtain enough safe and nutritious food. The { availability } dimension asks whether enough food is physically present. The { access } dimension asks whether people can reach and afford that food. The { utilization } dimension includes nutrition food safety clean water and health. The { stability } dimension asks whether these conditions continue over time. Conflict extreme weather and economic { shocks } can increase food insecurity. Strong food systems build { resilience } so communities can prepare for and recover from disruption. Reducing food { waste } can save resources and make food systems more efficient.
</quiz>

<br>

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= Open-Ended Tasks =

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=== Easy ===
# [[English:Food Diary Investigation|Food Diary Investigation]]: Keep a three-day record of where the food you eat comes from and identify one example of availability, access, utilization, or stability.
# [[English:Food Waste Audit|Food Waste Audit]]: Measure avoidable food waste from one meal at home or school, suggest two realistic ways to reduce it, and present your findings in a one-page poster.
# [[English:Four Dimensions Comic|Four Dimensions Comic]]: Create a four-panel comic in which each panel illustrates one dimension of food security using a different everyday situation.
# [[English:Market Interview|Market Interview]]: Interview an adult about how food prices or availability have changed over time and write a short summary that separates observations from opinions.

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=== Standard ===
# [[English:School Food Map|School Food Map]]: Draw a map of food access around your school, including shops, markets, gardens, meal services, and transport routes, then explain which groups may face barriers.
# [[English:Climate and Crops Report|Climate and Crops Report]]: Choose one crop and research how drought, heat, flooding, or changing rainfall could affect its production, storage, or price.
# [[English:Food Journey Video|Food Journey Video]]: Produce a two-minute video that follows one food item from production to your plate and identifies two points where loss or waste could occur.
# [[English:Resilient Garden Design|Resilient Garden Design]]: Design a small school or community garden that saves water, supports soil health, grows more than one crop, and explains how each feature improves resilience.

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=== Advanced ===
# [[English:Food Security Case Study|Food Security Case Study]]: Compare two communities or countries using evidence about availability, access, utilization, and stability, and explain why their challenges differ.
# [[English:School Meals Proposal|School Meals Proposal]]: Develop a proposal for a fair and nutritious school meal programme, including sourcing, cost, food waste, cultural preferences, and how you would evaluate success.
# [[English:Food System Stakeholder Debate|Food System Stakeholder Debate]]: Organize a class debate in which farmers, consumers, retailers, local government, and environmental groups must agree on three actions to improve food security.
# [[English:Local Food Security Documentary|Local Food Security Documentary]]: Plan and produce a short documentary using interviews, original images, and local evidence to explain one food security challenge and possible responses.

{{:Open Task - Create a MOOC}}

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= Learning Assessment =

# [[English:Four-Dimension Diagnosis|Four-Dimension Diagnosis]]: Analyse a fictional community where markets have food but unemployment is high and explain which dimensions of food security are strongest and weakest.
# [[English:Shock Scenario|Shock Scenario]]: A flood damages a bridge used by farmers and shoppers; explain the short-term effects on the food system and propose one emergency response and one long-term resilience measure.
# [[English:Evidence Check|Evidence Check]]: Compare an old hunger map with a newer source and explain why the year definition and method matter before making a claim.
# [[English:Solution Trade-Off|Solution Trade-Off]]: Evaluate two solutions such as irrigation and food imports, identifying benefits risks costs and groups that may gain or lose.
# [[English:School Action Evaluation|School Action Evaluation]]: Design three criteria for judging whether a school food-waste project actually improves sustainability or food access.
# [[English:Transfer Challenge|Transfer Challenge]]: Apply the four dimensions to a new setting such as an island a refugee camp a large city or a remote rural area and justify which intervention should come first.

<br>
<br>

{{BR}}
= Evidence of Learning =

{| class="wikitable"
! Evidence area
! What successful learning can look like
|-
| '''Knowledge'''
| You accurately explain food security, food insecurity, the four dimensions, major drivers, and common responses.
|-
| '''Reasoning'''
| You connect causes and effects across production, markets, household income, nutrition, and stability over time.
|-
| '''Data literacy'''
| You interpret maps, dates, definitions, and simple evidence without treating one source as the whole story.
|-
| '''Communication'''
| You explain a food security issue clearly in writing, speech, diagrams, posters, or video.
|-
| '''Products'''
| You produce work such as a food map, waste audit, garden design, case study, debate plan, or documentary.
|-
| '''Transfer'''
| You use the four dimensions to analyse a new place or crisis and justify practical responses.
|-
| '''Collaboration'''
| You listen to different stakeholder perspectives and work toward realistic shared solutions.
|}

<br>
<br>

{{BR}}
= Sources and Further Reading =

The course uses the four-dimension framework described by the World Bank and FAO, current global estimates from the 2026 State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World report, and explanatory material from the World Food Programme on major drivers of food insecurity.<references />

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= OERs on the Topic =

# [https://openknowledge.fao.org/handle/20.500.14283/ca1173en FAO Do Good Save Food] offers open educational material about food waste for primary and secondary learners.
# [https://www.fao.org/publications/fao-flagship-publications/the-state-of-food-security-and-nutrition-in-the-world/en FAO State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World] provides current global evidence and explanations.
# [https://www.wfp.org/stories/food-security-what-it-means-and-why-it-matters World Food Programme Food Security Explainer] gives an accessible overview of the concept and its drivers.

<iframe> https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_security </iframe>

<br>

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= Linked Learning Areas =

{| align=center
{{:D-Tab}}
'''[[English:Food Security|Food Security]]'''
# [[English:Food system|Food system]]
# [[English:Agriculture|Agriculture]]
# [[English:Nutrition|Nutrition]]
# [[English:Hunger|Hunger]]
# [[English:Food waste|Food waste]]
# [[English:Climate change|Climate change]]
# [[English:Water security|Water security]]
# [[English:Sustainable agriculture|Sustainable agriculture]]
# [[English:Economics|Economics]]
# [[English:Sustainable Development Goal 2|Sustainable Development Goal 2]]
|}

{{BR}}
= aiMOOC Projects =
[[Category:English]]
[[Category:Food Security]]
[[Category:Geography]]
[[Category:Biology]]
[[Category:Environmental science]]
[[Category:Economics]]
[[Category:Social studies]]
[[Category:Sustainable development]]
[[Category:Grades 7-8]]
[[Category:AI_MOOC]]
[[Category:GPT aiMOOC]]
{{MT}}

English:Food Security - Versionsgeschichte

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